This paper describes very generally the modulator/regulator (Mod/Reg) being built for Transrex by Systems, Science and Software for use on the neutral beam power supplies that Transrex is building for General Atomic Company to power the neutral beam heating systems that will be used on the Doublet III fusion device. The Mod/Reg is required to provide an 80 kV, 100 A pulse for a second every 90 sec. The voltage is to be regulated to 3%, and in case of fault the pulse must be interrupted within 10 ..mu..sec. An additional requirement was that the total system have very low capacity such that the total energy stored would be less than 15 joules. This is a restriction imposed by the source designer to prevent destroying the source in case of an arc within the source.

The inherent brittleness of the A15 compounds, and the requirement for a filamentary morphology, led to a heavy reliance on a powder approach for the preparation of superconducting tapes and wires. The quench-age technique, a non-powder process, was employed for the niobium-aluminum system, following the special features of the equilibrium phase diagram. The powder approach proved particularly effective for binaries, such as Nb-Sn, and for the ternaries Nb(Al,Ge) and Nb(Al,Si). Two variations of the powder process were assessed. One involved the use of precompounded powder of the desired stoichiometry but required simultaneous application of heat and pressure. The second variation was the infiltration process. This process involves the preparation of a ductile niobium matrix containing a controlled network of interconnected pores which are subsequently infiltrated with liquid metals (Sn) or low melting-point eutectics (e.g., Al-Ge, Al-Si). The composite is then subjected to a thermomechanical treatment to form a multiply connected array of A15 filaments in a niobium matrix. Multifilamentary conductors, based on Nb/sub 3/Sn, Nb/sub 3/Al, Nb/sub 3/ (Al,Ge) and Nb/sub 3/ (Al,Si), were readily obtained. Nb/sub 3/Sn conductors made by the infiltration process exhibit a critical temperature (Tc) of 18.1 K and a critical current carrying capacity (I/sub c/) …

By introducing a similarity variable r/..sqrt..t a quasi-analytical method can be used to calculate the flow induced by the injection of cold water into a hot water or boiling geothermal reservoir. The results obtained are compared with those produced by the reservoir simulator SHAFT79 and show good agreement.

The four phases of ongoing work at SERI that examines many unresolved questions regarding the purpose, solar applicability, economics, and energy modeling of industral parks are presented. The first phase involved site visits to approximately 300 parks in 12 major metropolitan areas of 9 states. Phase 2 entails an analysis of four parks selected from those parks surveyed. Phase 3 narrows the focus to two parks to be examined for detailed technical and engineering analysis. Phase 4 incorporates all of the work of the earlier phases with economic criteria to produce an energy allocation model describing energy delivery and consumption within the park.

Air classified municipal solid waste (MSW) was fired in an atmospheric fluidized bed combustor at low excess air to simulate boiler conditions. The 7 ft/sup 2/ combustor at Combustion Power Company's energy laboratory in Menlo Park, CA, incorporates water tubes for heat extraction and recycles elutriated particles to the bed. System operation was stable while firing processed MSW for the duration of a 300-h test. Low excess air, low exhaust gas emissions, and constant bed temperature demonstrated feasibility of steam generation from fluidized bed combustion of MSW. During the 300-h test, combustion efficiency averaged 99%. Excess air was typically 44% while an average bed temperature of 1400/sup 0/F and an average superficial gas velocity of 4.6 fps were maintained. Typical exhaust emission levels were 30 ppM SO/sub 2/, 160 ppM NO/sub x/, 200 ppM CO, and 25 ppM hydrocarbons. No agglomeration of bed material or detrimental change in fluidization properties was experienced. A conceptual design study of a full scale plant to be located at Stanford University was based on process conditions from the 300-h test. The plant would produce 250,000 lb/hr steam at the maximum firing rate of 1000 tons per day (TPD) processed MSW. The average 800 TPD …

The sulfur retention by the inherent alkali, and added limestone sorbent, perform about the same and are reasonably predictable within a range of about +-10% retention by application of alkali to sulfur ratio. Temperature has a substantial effect on the retention of sulfur by the inherent alkali or limestone. The temperature effect is not yet fully understood but it appears to be different for different coals and operational conditions. The emission of SO/sub 2/ from the fluid bed burning the Beulah lignite sample used for these tests can be controlled to meet or better the current emission standards. The injection of limestone to an alkali-to-sulfur molar ratio of 1.5 to 1, should lower the SO/sub 2/ emissions below the current requirement of 0.6 lb SO/sub 2//10/sup 6/ Btu to 0.4 lb SO/sub 2//10/sup 6/ Btu, a safe 33% below the standard. Agglomeration of bed material, and consequent loss of fluidization quality can be a problem when burning high sodium lignite in a silica bed. There appears, however, to be several ways of controlling the problem including the injection of calcium compounds, and careful control of operating conditions. The heat transfer coefficients measured in the CPC and GFETC tests are comparable …

Atom-probe field-ion microscope analyses were performed on specimens of ordered Ni/sub 4/Mo. The (211) fundamentl and (101) superlattice planes of the body-centered tetragonal (BCT) lattice were analyzed chemically on a layer-by-layer basis. In the case of (211)/sub BCT/ fundamental planes the chemistry of each individual plane was determined as a function of depth; for eight successive (211)/sub BCT/ layers an average Mo concentration of 17.2 at. % was measured - as compared to 19.4 at. % Mo by conventional chemical techniques. Possible sources of this discrepancy were discussed. The (101)/sub BCT/ superlattice planes were found to exhibit a more complicated field evaporation behavior; the characteristic step-like field evaporation behavior was due to the partial field evaporation of a plane of Mo atoms followed by the continued field evaporation of this Mo plane, intermixed with the field evaporation of the following three planes of Ni atoms. Finally, a plane of Ni atoms was found to field evaporate. This field evaporation behavior was the result of the required crystallographic stacking of planes in the ordered Ni/sub 4/Mo structure and it repeated itself throughout the specimen. Our observations demonstrated that complicated field-evaporation processes - as well as chemistry - could be followed as …

An instrument is described which employs a dichotomous sampler to acquire fine particulate samples on a continuous tape filter, Analyses for elemental sulfur are performed immediately following acquisition using a sensitive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Sample sequencing, data acquisition, and calculation of concentrations are performed continuously using an on-line calculator, Precision and accuracy of the method are discussed and results obtained from ambient measurements are presented. The increased emission of sulfur-containing compounds into the atmosphere has become a major consideration in the design of air pollution monitoring and control strategies. This has stimulated considerable interest in the development of monitoring equipment capable of analyzing the atmospheric aerosol for sulfur-containing compounds. We describe a rapid, sensitive and accurate X-ray fluorescence method for the analysis of elemental sulfur collected from ambient aerosol samples. The instrument includes a dichotomous sampler, air filter transport system and high-sensitivity wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence analyzer. An associated calculator/controller enables one to obtain real-time measurements of ambient particulate sulfur concentrations over short time intervals.

A moderate-temperature (140/sup 0/C) geothermal power plant demonstration, sponsored by the Department of Energy, is currently under development in South Central Idaho. Environmental concerns about the quality of the local shallow groundwater prompted a modeling study. Simulation results (1) suggest significant thermal and quality levels within the 30-year projected plant operation and (2) makes obvious the importance of understanding the interconnected hydraulic systems.

The Borehole Plugging (BHP) materials development program which has been underway at WES under Sandia sponsorship for about five years is reviewed. Development testing data for candidate grout mixtures for the BCT plug are presented. Field batching, mixing, and placement operations are discussed. Data from field samples molded during the two plug placements include strength, expansion, compressional wave velocity, dynamic modulus, density, and porosity. Microstructure and composition are compared for grout samples at ages of a few weeks and one year.

In the last few years the reaction mechanism of heavy-ion collisions at beam energies of 0.1- 2 GeV/nucleon has been extensively studied from both the theoretical and experimental points of view. In the first part of this paper, the current understanding of the reaction mechanism is reviewed. In the second part, a few pieces of data that suggest the existence of a collective mode created in central collisions are described. In the last part, future topics that we are trying to explore are discussed.

The needs and problems associated with the characterization and quantification of the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen and associated compounds in their gaseous, aerosol, and dissolved states are discussed. Illustrations are given of the techniques in present usage for the determination of the substances of interest to investigators concerned with the effects of air pollutants on the terrestrial ecosystem. The value and utility of the newer techniques employing real time continuous instrumentation are presented and compared with the more traditional approaches utilizing sampling collection. A plea is made to provide resources for data reduction especially in order to obtain constructive utilization of continuous instrumentation. It is asserted that real time instrumentation is best utilized during campaign measurement programs where short time resolution is required and that collection techniques still have a place, especially in long term monitoring efforts. Special attention was directed at, and the problems highlighted that are associated with, the utilization of the real time instruments available for the flame photometric determination of the oxides of sulfur and the chemiluminescent measurement of the oxides of nitrogen. The newer methods proposed for their use in the determination of sulfate and nitric acid respectively are presented. The difficulties associated with …

Internal boundary layer capacitors were characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy and by microscale electrical measurements. Data are given for the chemical and physical characteristics of the individual grains and boundaries, and their associated electric and dielectric properties. Segregated internal boundary layers were identified with resistivities of 10/sup 12/-10/sup 13/ ..cap omega..-cm. Bulk apparent dielectric constants were 10,000-60,000. A model is proposed to explain the dielectric behavior in terms of an equivalent n-c-i-c-n representation of ceramic microstructure, which is substantiated by capacitance-voltage analysis.

Metal cluster chemistry is one of the most rapidly developing areas of inorganic and organometallic chemistry. Prior to 1960 only a few metal clusters were well characterized. However, shortly after the early development of boron cluster chemistry, the field of metal cluster chemistry began to grow at a very rapid rate and a structural and a qualitative theoretical understanding of clusters came quickly. Analyzed here is the chemistry and the general significance of clusters with particular emphasis on the cluster research within my group. The importance of coordinately unsaturated, very reactive metal clusters is the major subject of discussion.

A comparison is made between the dipole-dipole resistivity method and electromagnetic sounding method based on surveys over a geothermal anomaly near Panther Canyon, Grass Valley, Nevada. Dipole-dipole data were taken in conjunction with large-scale geothermal studies in the area. Two orthogonal lines were measured over the heat flow anomaly and two-dimensional modeling was performed on the data. EM sounding data were taken with the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory EM-60 system which is a large-moment, frequency-domain, horizontal-loop system. Relative to single 50-meter-radius transmitter coil, eight soundings were made with detectors at distances of 0.5 to 1.6 km from the loop. Interpreted results from the two surveys indicate substantial agreement in the depth to and thickness of a conductive zone that may be associated with the thermal anomaly. The dipole-dipole method is inherently better for resolving resistive basement beneath the conductive anomaly, and dc resistivity interpretation techniques are presently better to handle the complex two-dimensional geology. However, the EM method is far less labor intensive, requiring only one-third the field time for similar areal coverage.

The general goal of research on the interstellar medium is to understand the structure and dynamics of the interstellar gas. This subject is important for three reasons. First, the classic tracers of the spiral structure of galaxies are related directly to the gaseous component of galactic disks. Therefore an understanding of the dynamics of the gas is essential in interpreting observations of spiral galaxies. Second, radio continuum observations relate to the magnetic field, which is frozen into the gas under most circumstances. Hence these observations must be interpreted using magnetohydrodynamic models. Third, the initial conditions for star formation are determined by the structure and dynamics of the interstellar gas. In this way gas dynamics plays an essential role in understanding the relative numbers of binary and single stars, the formation of planetary systems, and even the evolution of the stellar content of galaxies.

This paper reports a set of modeling studies that were undertaken to acquire a more detailed knowledge of combustion inhibition mechanisms. Mixtures of H{sub 2}/O{sub 2}/Ar reacting in the idealized perfectly stirred reactor were investigated. Three H{sub 2}/O{sub 2} kinetic mechanisms were considered, differing from one another by the number of HO{sub 2} reactions included. Two physical inhibitors, Ar and N{sub 2}, and one chemical inhibitor, HBr, were investigated. Additional parameters considered were pressure, equivalence ratio, inhibitor concentration and rate coefficient variation. The most effective inhibitor was HBr which acted chemically and caused substantial reduction in radical concentrations in the mixtures considered. The molecules Ar and N{sub 2} acted as physical diluents with N{sub 2}, the more effective of the two due to its larger heat capacity.

Research designed to obtain baseline data on heat transfer for working fluids in geothermal binary cycle systems is described. The working fluid loop in the experimental apparatus simulates the binary cycle with steam as the heating fluid and a throttling valve instead of the turbine. Data on film coefficient for the condensation of 90/10 and 80/20 mixtures of isobutane-isopentane on a horizontal tube at various temperatures and condensation rates are presented. Data indicate that mixtures of isobutane-isopentane have lower condensation film coefficients than that of the pure isobutane under equivalent conditions of temperatures and condensation rates. Depending on the mass condensation rate, the film coefficient for the 80/20 mixture can be as low as 30 percent of the film coefficient for pure isobutane at the same mass condensation rate.

The double acting reciprocating bellows liquid helium pump built and tested at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory is described. The pump is capable of delivering 50 gs/sup -1/ of liquid helium to supply the two-phase cooling sytem for a large superconducting magnet. The pump is driven by a torque motor at room temperature; the reciprocating motion is transmitted to the pump through a shaft which operates between room temperature and 4/sup 0/K. The design details of this liquid helium pump are presented. The helium pump has operated in a helium bath and in pumped forced flow helium circuits. The results of these experimental tests are presented in this report.

The room temperature magnetic susceptibility of the complexes of the ferric N-acetylated heme octapeptide (N-H8PT) from horse heart cytochrome c is known to be generally consistent with the absorption and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of these complexes. However, the N-acetylated methionine complex of the N-H8PT, which has axial coordination identical to that of the parent molecule, is found to exhibit a thermal mixture of high spin (S=5/2) and low spin (S=1/2) states. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of the N-acetylmethionine complex yields {Delta}H{sup 0} = -7.6kca1/mole and {Delta}S° = -25.9 e.u. for a high to low spin transition. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum of the N-acetylmethionine complex indicates a low spin ground state, with g values at 1.51, 2.31, and 2.91, which are distinct from those of cytochrome c. The axial ({Delta}) and rhombic (V) distortion parameters of the {sup 2}T{sub 2g} state correspond to 2.96{lambda} and 1.94{lambda}, respectively, where {lambda} is the spin-orbit coupling constant. A model is proposed to account for the uniqueness of the N-acetylmethionine complex: a change in the Fe-S distance may play a role in regulating the redox properties of cytochrome c.

The chemiluminescent bimolecular halogen-halogen reactions, F{sub 2} + I{sub 2}, Br{sub 2} and ICl, have been studied by the crossed molecular beam technique. Undispersed chemiluminescence was measured as a function of collision energy and, for I{sub 2} + F{sub 2}, as a function of the two beam pressures. Although no spectra were obtained to positively identify the emitters as IF*, ClF* and BrF*, arguments are given to support this identification. The observed reaction thresholds of 4.2 and 5.9 kcal/mole for I{sub 2} + F{sub 2} and ICl + F{sub 2} , respectively, are the same as the threshold energies for production of the stable trihalogens I{sub 2}F and ClF. This coincidence of threshold energies, as well as similar high collision energy behavior, implies that the chemiluminescent reaction proceeds via a stable trihalogen intermediate. This mechanism can explain our results and the results of other workers without resorting to a symmetry forbidden four center reaction mechanism. A threshold of 11.3 kcal/mole was found for Br{sub 2} + F{sub 2} , no threshold for Br{sub 2}F has been previously reported. Laser enhancement of the I{sub 2} + F{sub 2} reaction was attempted, but no enhancement was seen.

New hydride derivatives of thorium (IV) and uranium (IV), HM[N(SiMe{sub 3}){sub 2}]{sub 3}, have recently been prepared. This paper describes the crystal structure of the uranium species, though the hydride-ion was not located, and shows that the thorium analogue is isostructural. The reaction chemistry and spectroscopy leave no doubt that these derivatives are authentic examples of four-coordinate, monomeric hydride, compounds.

Peptide cyclization via the p-nitrophenyl ester of 4-methyl-3-[4'-{beta}-N-(N'-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L~prolyl)-aminoethyl]phenoxy-pentanoic acid (9) has afforded a single cyclopeptide diastereomer,9R-isopropyl-5S,6-trimethylene-8-dearnino-1,2-dihydro-p-phencyclopeptine (4), in 36% yield. From the comparative analysis of the UV, IR, CD, and {sup 1}H NMR spectra of 4 and cyclopeptide 5S,6-trimethylene 8-deamino-1,2-dihydro-p-phencyclopeptine (3d), of known geometry, the conformational identities of the 14-membered ring systems were ascertained. From these data the assignment of R stereochemistry at C9 for cyclopeptide 4 was deduced. Since the stereochemistry at C9 in the naturally occurring phencyclopeptines is the same, these results suggest a feasible route to the stereoselective total synthesis of the phencyclopeptines.

The array of alternative energy sources which are vying for the federal government's R and D dollar is formidable when compared to the politically acceptable amount which can be used to fund the research. To guide how these funds should be dispersed, a rational, defensible procedure is needed which can repeatedly be applied as new technologies and new information become available. The procedure advanced in this paper is a decision analysis technique known as multi attribute decision analysis (MADA) and its use is illustrated in an evaluation and ranking of solar thermal electric power generating systems. Since the ultimate purchase decision is made in the market place, the preferences of potential users have been sampled and brought to bear on the ranking. The focus of this description is on the formulation of the problem structure and the decision model, the treatment of uncertainty, and how the results relate to the questions asked by and of the Department of Energy, which funded the study. A final note proposes how decision analysis can be used to address the broader questions of choice among competing technologies with cautions concerning misuse of the procedure.