The advantages of high resolution electron diffraction and imaging have been revealed in a wide variety of metallic systems, providing insight into the mechanisms of such phase transformations as ordering, spinodal decomposition, grain boundary precipitation, and the martensitic reaction. Structural discontinuities in interphase interfaces (atomic plane ledges) and grain boundaries (plane matching defects) have been identified with high precision, and compositional variations on an atomic scale have been detected, including solute segregation within approximately 10 A of a grain boundary. In the study of ceramics, primary effort has been directed toward the detection of thin intergranular films with notable success. Atomic dimension microledges have also been revealed in crystallization interfaces, polytype boundaries and transformation fronts, and compositional variations near grain boundaries have recently been recorded in lattice images of a Magnesium Sialon. It therefore appears that the technique holds equal promise for analysis of the fundamental mechanisms of crystallization, phase transformation, diffusion and solute segregation in ceramics as well as metallic alloy systems. The work presented here represents some of the potential of high resolution methods and is an initial step towards complete atomic characterization of materials. The most desirable progression of such research should lead to the attainment of …

Pretreatment of {alpha}-bungarotoxin ({alpha}-Bgt) binding sites from rat brain with cholinergic agonists causes transformation of sites to a high-affinity form toward agonist over a time course of minutes, consistent with identity of those sites as central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). This agonist-induced alteration in receptor state may be correlated with physiological densensitization. Agonist inhibition of toxin binding to the high-affinity state is non-competitive, suggesting the existence of discrete toxin-binding and agonist-binding sites on the central nAChR. These results thus offer a possible explanation of observed impotency of {alpha}-Bgt toward blocking in vivo cholinergic responses in the central nervous system.

Both train speed and dollar damage have been used in transportation studies as measures of accident severity. Analysis of freight train accident data for the three year period, 1972-74 showed that, in general, as speed increases dollar damage to railroad property also increases. A greater percentage of high speed than low speed accidents result in high dollar damage. Factors, in addition to speed, that can have an important effect on accident severity include the type of accident, the kinds of railcars and other equipment involved, and the geographical environmental of the accident. Threshold levels of accident stresses (e.g., impact and puncture forces and fire temperature and duration) are required to compromise the integrity of shipping containers used for the transport of radioactive materials. Analyses of accident severity using either speed or dollar damage as a basis can provide some insights into the possible risks involved in transport of radioactive materials. however, care must be taken in the strict use of results since there is no direct correlation between either speed or dollar damage and cask failure threshold levels.

A review is given of reliable quantum chromodynamics predictions which either have or soon can be verified by experiment. Included are a discussion of the classic application of quantum chromodynamics perturbation theory and asymptotic freedom to predict scaling violations in deep inelastic leptoproduction experiments, with emphasis on the first direct experimental confirmation of the numerical values of the anomalous dimensions; a review of recent advances in developing and justifying quantum chromodynamics perturbation theory predictions for a number of physical applications not underwritten by the operator product expansion and renormalization group arguments; and mention of attempts to consider the reliability of quantum chromodynamics perturbation theory predictions, given the fact that nonperturbative effects are presumably crucial in quantum chromodynamics. 100 references. (JFP)

An unbounded fluid layer in a porous medium with an internal heat source and uniformly heated from below is studied. The layer is in the gravitational field. Linear theory predicts that the disturbances of infinitesimal amplitude will start to grow when the Rayleigh number exceeds its critical value. These disturbances do not grow without limit; but by advecting heat and momentum, the disturbances alter their forms to achieve a finite amplitude. Just like infinitesimal amplitude disturbances the degeneracies of possible solutions persist for finite amplitude solutions. This study evaluates these various forms of solutions. The small parameter method of Poincare is used to treat the problem in successive order.

Torus II is a versatile, small rectangular cross section, high-beta tokamak. The operational principles of Torus II are described along with some design features. (MOW)

The time-dependent behavior of natural rock salt is of interest from several points of view which include the geological questions related to the genesis of anticlines, spines, domes, and other diapiric structures, as well as, the more practical questions related to the exploitation of petroleum and natural gas resources and the exploitation of the rock salt for commercial use. In addition, knowledge of the creep behavior of rock salt is of paramount importance in underground storage applications of petroleum products and nuclear wastes. The purpose of this paper is to generally discuss the time-dependent response of salt, to propose a one-dimensional model for this behavior, and to illustrate the model's capacity to simulate creep behavior using constant strain-rate test data.

A high pressure, supersonic, radio frequency discharge nozzle beam source was developed for the production of intense beams of ground state oxygen atoms. An efficient impedance matching scheme was devised for coupling the radio frequency power to the plasma as a function of both gas pressure and composition. Techniques for localizing the discharge directly behind the orifice of a water-cooled quartz nozzle were also developed. The above combine to yield an atomic oxygen beam source which produces high molecular dissociation in oxygen seeded rare gas mixtures at total pressures up to 200 torr: 80 to 90% dissociation for oxygen/argon mixtures and 60 to 70% for oxygen/helium mixtures. Atomic oxygen intensities are found to be greater than 10/sup 17/ atom sr/sup -1/ sec/sup -1/. A brief discussion of the reaction dynamics of 0 + IC1 ..-->.. I0 + C1 is also presented. 12 references.

Tritium released in an enclosure tends to penetrate into the wall, and subsequent outgassing hampers the cleanup operation. Diffusion theory predicts that concentration and outgassing rate for an impulse release will follow a t/sup -3/2/ power-law decay at large time, in contrast to exponential decay for an impermeable wall and t/sup -1/2/ decay for an initially-saturated wall. Experiments carried out with ordinary and tritiated water in a polymeric enclosure confirm the diffusion theory, as do data on tritium gas outgassing from painted surfaces. Two lumped parameters are important: a flow parameter and a diffusion parameter. The diffusion parameter includes the diffusivity-solubility term DS/sup 2/. If DS/sup 2/ is large, the diffusion tail will depart earlier from exponential decay. DS/sup 2/ can vary widely, and will be especially large for tritiated water in polymeric materials.

The elevated temperature corrosion behavior of iron-base ternary alloys that develop Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and/or Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ barrier scales was investigated by exposing them to a mixed gas environment at 982/sup 0/C whose PO/sub 2/ was approximately 10/sup -18/ atm and whose PS/sub 2/ was approximately 10/sup -6/ atm. The alloys containing 18% Cr and 2.5 to 5% Al had the best corrosion resistance of the alloys tested. They developed a duplex Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3//Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ scale through which sulfur did not readily diffuse. The 18% Cr alloy containing only 1% Al formed a Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3/ scale and had poor corrosion resistance because of rapid sulfur diffusion through the scale. Alloys that contained 10% Al and 0 to 15% Cr did not have good corrosion resistance because of sulfur diffusion through the single Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ scale which formed. Alloys with 18% Cr that contained Si as a ternary addition did not develop continuous SiO/sub 2/ layers beneath the Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3/ outer scale and exhibited poor corrosion resistance.

One element in the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material in Transit Program is a determination of the number of local law enforcement agency (LLEA) officers available to respond to an attack upon a special nuclear material (SNM) carrying convoy. A computer model, COPS, has been developed at Sandia Laboratories to address this problem. Its purposes are to help identify to the SNM shipper areas along a route which may have relatively low police coverage and to aid in the comparison of alternate routes to the same location. Data bases used in COPS include population data from the Bureau of Census and police data published by the FBI. Police are assumed to be distributed in proportion to the population, with adjustable weighting factors. Example results illustrating the model's capabilities are presented for two routes between Los Angeles, CA, and Denver, CO, and for two routes between Columbia, SC, and Syracuse, NY. The estimated police distribution at points along the route is presented. Police availability as a function of time is modeled based on the time-dependent characteristics of a trip. An example demonstrating the effects of jurisdictional restrictions on the size of the response force is given. Alternate routes between two locations …

To assess the overall effectiveness of a transportation physical protection system, computer codes which simulate armed attacks have been developed and are being used to examine a range of issues associated with road transportation systems. The paper discusses the purpose and features of three of these codes, SOURCE (which simulates the initial ambush), SABRES I (which covers the battle) and BARS (which treats the penetration of protective cargo barriers). The use of these methodologies to evaluate the value of additional vehicles, guards, armor and alternative tactics or equipment as a means of improving convoy security has recently been completed. The results which are presented demonstrate that the protection offered by the present commercial regulations for guards and vehicles is probably marginal. This could be substantially increased by the addition of armor to close escort vehicles instead of just the transporter and the use of appropriate tactics. Against the baseline threat of adversaries armed with M-16's, observation and harassment from a modest distance until re-enforcements arrive appears preferable to aggressive assault by the ambushed guard force.

Evacuation, sheltering followed by population relocation, and iodine prophylaxis are evaluated as offsite public protective measures in response to potential nuclear reactor accidents involving core-melt. Evaluations were conducted using a modified version of the Reactor Safety Study consequence model. Models representing each protective measure were developed and are discussed. Potential PWR core-melt radioactive material releases are separated into two categories, ''Melt-through'' and ''Atmospheric,'' based upon the mode of containment falure. Protective measures are examined and compared for each category in terms of projected doses to the whole body and thyroid. Measures for ''Atmospheric'' accidents are also examined in terms of their influence on the occurrence of public health effects.

A cryopump, similar to the design of those for TFTR, has been constructed for the purposes of investigating beam compatibility and possible radiation-induced outgassing. In connection with the latter objective, the process of securing approval for a fission-reactor experiment, brought to light two significant safety problems. The first concerns the possibility of deuterium combustion during a leak-up-to-air accident. From literature data and from experiments conducted by us, we are convinced that there is no hazard in this regard. The second problem concerns the possibility of condensing significant amounts of liquid oxygen in such accidents, and we are presently unable to estimate the resulting hazard.

The planned content and performance of fission product and actinide nuclide evaluations for the ENDF/B-V collection of data are reviewed. Representative values of parameters for a few nuclides are shown. 10 figures, 5 tables. (RWR)

Thirty papers were presented at the meeting. A separate abstract was prepared for each of 10 papers. The remaining 20 papers were not in scope for the Energy Data Base. (LCL)

The ORNL has employed the Section XI half-bead procedure for six repair welds. Table 2 identifies the repairs and the components upon which they were accomplished. The weld repairs were performed to permit us to evaluate material properties, residual stresses, weld repair procedures, and structural behavior of repaired pressure vessels. As a consequence of our study we concluded that when the half bead procedure is correctly applied: (1) there is no metallurgical degradation of the base material, (2) residual stresses of yield point magnitude will be present, and (3) the structural integrity of the pressure vessel is not impaired at Charpy V-notch upper shelf temperatures.

This paper presents a methodology for environmental analysis that starts with the regional and national models, in this case the Multi-Regional energy System Optimization Model (M-RESOM) and the Brookhaven Energy System Optimization Model (BESOM), used in a mode for solar technology assessment. The linkage from BESOM through the National Long Term Inter-industry and Transactions Model (LTIM), also known as the Hudson-Jorgenson Model, ensures that the effect of energy prices and capital requirements on the economy is properly accounted for. Disaggregation to sectors is made through the Brookhaven Univ. of Illinois input-output model, and the national energy supply, energy demand, and non-energy sectoral outputs are calibrated (used as control totals) for the regional model. The regional model is then used for energy siting through the County Level Electric Facility Siting Model (CLEFS) and as a check on the geographic disaggregation for energy activity through the Office of the Bureau of Economic Research Service (OBERS) projections. By following either of these paths, residuals can be generated either by the National Emissions Data System (NEDS) or by allocating the regional emissions in accordance with the outcome of the siting model. Finally, the emissions now localized at the county level are fed into the …

Separate abstracts were prepared for 23 of the included sections. (MOW)

The Simondium, Pinnaroo, and Hainholz mesosiderites are interpreted to be clast-laden impact melts that crystallized from immiscible silicate, metallic (Fe-FeS) liquids. The existence of silicate melts is shown by intergranular basaltic textures. Metallic melts are inferred on the basis of smooth boundaries between metal and troilite and the occurrence of troilite as anastomosing areas that radiate outward into the silicate fractions. These relations suggest that troilite crystallized after silicates, concentrating as a late-stage residuum. Evidence for impact melting includes: diversity and abundance of clast types (mineral, metal, lithic) in various stages of recrystallization and assimilation; differences in mineral chemistries between clasts and igneous-textured matrix silicates; unusual metal plus silicate bulk composition. Silicate clasts consist primarily of orthopyroxene and minor olivine with a range of Fe/Fe + Mg ratios, anorthitic plagioclase, and rare orthopyroxenite (diogenite) fragments. Substantial amounts of Fe-Ni metal were melted during the impact events and minor amounts were incorporated into the melts as clasts. The clast populations suggest that at least four rock types were melted and mixed: (a) diogenite, (b) a plagioclase-rich source, possibly cumulate eucrite, (c) dunite, and (d) metal. Most orthopyroxene appears to have been derived from fragmentation of diogenites. Orthopyroxene (En/sub 82-61/) and olivine …

An experiment was performed which confirms the existence of an internal mode dependence of molecular sticking probabilities for collisions of molecules with a cold surface. The scattering of a velocity selected effusive beam of CCl{sub 4} from a 90 K CC1{sub 4} ice surface has been studied at five translational velocities and for two different internal temperatures. At a surface temperature of 90 K (approx. 99% sticking probability) a four fold increase in reflected intensity was observed for the internally excited (560 K) CC1{sub 4} relative to the room temperature (298 K) CC1{sub 4} at a translational velocity of 2.5 X 10{sup 4} cm/sec. For a surface temperature of 90 K all angular distributions were found to peak 15{sup 0} superspecularly independent of incident velocity.

Internalizing the costs for implementing solar energy may never be, the author says. In the meantime, budget allocation decisions must be made. It is the purpose of this paper to identify capabilities currently in existence at BNL that help to provide answers to the value of increasing the contribution of solar energy. This paper presents several alternative approaches. BNL models that are useful for the economic measurement of energy related environmental damage are NEDS/REPS1 NEDS/REPS; ESNS; PRESTO; and optimization models (M-RESOM, BECOM, SOGEPH, BESOM, DESOM/TESOM/MARICAL). The approaches suggested would be much more useful if they were evaluated by certain criteria. This is the goal of most systems research on internalizing externalities. The methods described provide quantitative measures for the following criteria, although no single method provides all of them: the residuals produced with and without solar; the impact of residuals on life, property, ecosystems, and ambience; the intergenerational effects; the effect of oil imports on security; the depletion of non-renewable resources; the quantification (as far as possible) of externalities; and the appropriate level of aggregration. In most cases in this paper, examples are given. The most common criteria is that the energy demands must be driven by an economic model …

Important considerations in the quantitative estimate of risk of carcinogenesis in the human being are the related factors of the shape of the dose-effect curve, the risk per rad at very low doses (about 10 rad or less) vs. higher doses, and the effect per rad of higher doses delivered at very low dose rates. Data on the human being, though extensive and adequate for quantitative risk estimation at high doses and dose rates, do not allow definitive conclusions on these factors. Data on eukaryotic cells are represented well and in detail by a modified quadratic relationship with a definite linear term, and indicate that both the simple linear and the pure quadratic relationships are rare or essentially nonexistent. A dose rate effect is ubiquitous, but the extent varies widely among different tumors and species. Extensive data on carcinogenesis in mammals are in general represented well by the linear-quadratic model, although simple linearity and the pure quadratic (or threshold) models cannot be excluded in a few tumor systems. Considerations and uncertainties in addition to curve shape and dose rate may tend to offset any credit that might be afforded by dose rate. Hence, while it is almost certain that dose …

Energy deposition in one micron diameter volumes at distances of one and two microns from the ion's path has been estimated based on previously reported radial dose measurements made using a mesh wall ionization chamber. In these estimations it was assumed that radial dose varied inversely as the square of the radial distance. Ionization chamber measurements were reported for heavy ions (atomic number 1 to 53) having specific energies from 0.25 to 2.5 MeV per atomic mass unit (MeV/amu) and from 230 to 377 MeV/amu. Energy depositions were also measured using a wall-less gas proportional counter, and were reported by Kliauga and Rossi. Ions used in the proportional counter technique were 6.6 MeV/amu lithium and 10 and 23 MeV/amu protons. A comparison of results estimated from ionization chamber studies and measured using proportional counters is reported here. This comparison was facilitated by normalization in terms of Z/sup 2//sub eff/ and specific energy of the incident ions. Proportional counter results were in apparent agreement with ion chamber results for 23 MeV/amu protons but were lower than ion chamber results by approximately 50 percent for 10 MeV/amu protons and 60 percent for 6.6 MeV/amu lithium ions.