This paper reports on the fabrication and testing of magnesium potassium phosphate (MKP)-bonded cesium-loaded crystalline silicotitanate (CST) resins. Typical waste loading of CST resins in the final waste forms was 50 wt.%. Physical and chemical characterization of the MKP materials has shown them to be physically, chemically, and mineralogically stable. Long-term durability studies (using the AN 16.1 standard test) showed a leachability index of {approx}18 for cesium in the phosphate matrix when exposed to deionized water under ambient and elevated temperatures. Leaching of cesium was somewhat higher than in glass waste forms as per PCT and MCC-1 tests. MKP-based final waste forms showed no significant weight changes after exposure to aqueous media for {approx}90 days, indicating the highly insoluble nature of the phosphate matrix. In addition, durability of the CST-MKP waste forms was further established by freeze-thaw cycling tests.

The Department of Energy (DOE) has as two of its strategic objectives to safely accomplish the world's largest environmental clean-up of contaminated sites and the adoption of the best management practices of the private sector to achieve business-like results efficiently and effectively. An integral part of the strategic response to the challenges facing the Department has been the use of benchmarking and best practice management to facilitate identifying and implementing leading-edge thinking, practices, approaches, and solutions.

Some recent research on the hot deformation of aluminum alloys has indicated that at elevated temperatures, slip occurs on {110}<110> systems in addition to the usual {111}<110> systems active at lower temperatures. The effect of these additional slip systems on the texture evolution of aluminum single and polycrystals is studied using finite element simulations. The crystals are deformed in plane strain compression, and the constitutive response is modeled using crystal plasticity to track the reorientation of the crystals. By discretizing each crystal with a large number of elements, the non-uniform deformations due to local inhomogeneities and interactions with neighboring crystals are modeled. The resulting textures and microstructures are examined with regard to effect of including the additional systems, initial orientation of the single crystals, and stability of the cube orientation.

In this paper we consider how to organize the sharing of information in a distributed network of sensors and data processors so as to provide explanations for sensor readings with minimal expenditure of energy. We point out that the Minimum Description Length principle provides an approach to information fusion that is more naturally suited to energy minimization than traditional Bayesian approaches. In addition we show that for networks consisting of a large number of identical sensors Kohonen self-organization provides an exact solution to the problem of combing the sensor outputs into minimal description length explanations.

Substantial inventories of excess plutonium are expected to result from dismantling US and Russian nuclear weapons. Disposition of this material should be a high priority in both countries. Various disposition options are under consideration. One option is to vitrify the plutonium with the addition of {sup 137}Cs or high-level waste to act as a deterrent to proliferation. The primary safety problem associated with vitrification of plutonium is to avoid criticality in form fabrication and in the final repository over geologic time. Recovery should be as difficult (costly) as the recovery of plutonium from spent fuel.

During the startup phase of a tokamak the plasma configuration may evolve from a limiter to a divertor configuration. Some of the particle and heat flux from the core will be deposited on material surfaces near the separatrix instead of the divertor plates. Examples of such surfaces include the center-post in most tokamaks, baffles near the x-point that create closed divertors, and outboard limiter surfaces. Two-dimensional edge plasma models for tokamak divertor configurations typically give detailed information about the particle and heat fluxes on the divertor plates, but yield little or no information about fluxes on these other localized surfaces near the core plasma. To realistically model the startup phase of a tokamak it is necessary to compute the plasma interaction with both limiter and divertor surfaces. The UEDGE code [l] has been modified to include these limiter surfaces. In this report we present simulation results for an idealized ITER [2] startup configuration with variations in the limiter penetration depth and surface shape.

We are constructing a 1.2-kA, 1-MeV, electron induction injector as part of the RTA program, a collaborative effort between LLNL and LBNL to develop relativistic klystrons for Two-Beam Accelerator applications. The RTA injector will also be used in the development of a high-gradient, low-emittance, electron source and beam diagnostics for the second axis of the Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) Facility. The electron source will be a 3.5``-diameter, thermionic, flat-surface, m-type cathode with a maximum shroud field stress of approximately 165 kV/cm. Additional design parameters for the injector include a pulse length of over 150-ns flat top (1% energy variation), and a normalized edge emittance of less than 200 {pi}-mm-mr. Precise measurement of the beam parameters is required so that performance of the RTA injector can be confidently scaled to the 4-kA, 3-MeV, and 2-microsecond pulse parameters of the DARHT injector. Planned diagnostics include an isolated cathode with resistive divider for direct measurement of current emission, resistive wall and magnetic probe current monitors for measuring beam current and centroid position, capacitive probes for measuring A-K gap voltage, an energy spectrometer, and a pepper-pot emittance diagnostic. Details of the injector, beam line, and diagnostics are presented.

Toulouse, France All previous knowledge leading to this estimate is of NpO2(c) is indirect, based on thermodynamic cycles. The phase itself has heretofore not been observed as a precipitate from aqueous solution. Recent attempts (e.g., Nitsche et al., 1993; Efurd et al., 1996) to establish solubility controls on Np in oxidizing groundwaters (including J-13 groundwater) starting from high concentrations (i.e., supersaturation) have shown the formation of one or both of two Np(V) phases, NaNpO2CO3:3.5H2O(c) (with variable stoichiometry) and Np2O5(c). These are both highly soluble, yielding Np concentrations on the order of 1 x 10 -4 to 1 x 10 -3 molal, in accord with existing thermodynamic data for these phases. No evidence was found of the formation of NpO2(c). Under reducing conditions, experiments (Rai et al., 1987 and references cited therein) have shown the formation of Np(IV) polymer, which may be viewed as a hydrated form of NpO2. It is orders of magnitude less soluble than the Np(V) phases, but still orders of magnitude more soluble than NpO2(c). No undersaturation experiments with NpO2(c) are known to have been performed. However, both NpO2(c) and Np(IV) polymer are known to be difficult to dissolve. We have hypothesized that NpO2(c) is simply a …

The ITER divertor modeling and database expert groups have assembled a scalar database of the edge plasma parameters for existing diverted tokamak devices as a means of enabling scaling studies of the SOL plasma. Data exist from ASDEX, ASDEX-Upgrade, C-MOD, COMPASS-D, DIII-D, JET, JFT-2M, and JT-6OU. We describe the scaling of plasma parameters at the outer midplane obtained from examination of this multi-machine database in this paper. The plasma parameters at the outer rnidplane are used as a boundary condition for all simulations of the SOL plasma, and hence understanding of the expected value of these parameters is crucial for the successful design of the ITER divertor.

Methane-utilizing bacteria, methanotrophs, have application as biocatalysts in the commodity chemical production, waste treatment and environmental remediation industries. Methanotrophs have the ability to oxidize many chemical compounds into more desired products, such as the production of propylene oxide. Methanotrophs can also degrade toxic compounds such as trichloroethylene. However, there are many physical, chemical and biological problems associated with the continuous oxidation of chemicals. These include, low mass transfer of methane, oxygen and propylene; toxicity of substrates and degradation products, and competition between the growth substrate, i.e., methane and chemical feed stock, e.g., propylene for the biocatalyst. To supervise methanotrophic bioprocesses, an intelligent control system must accommodate any biological limitations, e.g., toxicity, and mitigate the impact of the physical and chemical limitations, e.g., mass transfer of methane and the solubility of propylene. The intelligent control system must have the capability to assess the current conditions and metabolic state of the bacteria; recognize and diagnose instrument faults; and select and maintain sets of parameters that will result in high production and growth.

The production of integrated circuits (IC's) involves a number of discrete steps which utilize hazardous or regulated solvents and generate large waste streams. ES&amp;H considerations associated with these chemicals have prompted a search for alternative, more environmentally benign solvent systems. An emerging technology for conventional solvent replacement is the use of supercritical fluids based on carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}). Research work, conducted at Los Alamos in conjunction with the Hewlett-Packard Company, has lead to the development of a CO{sub 2}-based supercritical fluid treatment system for the stripping of hard-baked photoresists. This treatment system, known as Supercritical CO{sub 2} Resist Remover, or CORR, uses a two-component solvent composed of a nonhazardous, non-regulated compound, dissolved in supercritical CO{sub 2}. The solvent/treatment system has been successfully tested on metallized Si wafers coated with negative and positive photoresist, the latter both before and after ion-implantation. A description of the experimental data will be presented. Based on the initial laboratory results, the project has progressed to the design and construction of prototype, single-wafer photoresist-stripping equipment. The integrated system involves a closed-loop, recirculating cycle which continuously cleans and regenerates the CO{sub 2}, recycles the dissolved solvent, and separates and concentrates the spent resist. The status of …

The Very Large Hadron Collider (VLHC) is a supercon-ducting proton-proton collider with approximately 100 TeV cm and approximately 10{sup 34} s{sup -1}cm{sup -2} luminosity [1]. Currently, beam dynamics in this future accelerator is the subject of intensive studies within the framework of the US-wide VLHC R&D program. This presentation sum-marizes recent developments in the field. Besides general discussion on relevant VLHC parameters, we consider various beam instabilities and ways to avoid them. Finally, we outline possibilities for theoretical and experimental R&D.

Failure models based on the Palmgren-Miner concept that material damage is cumulative have been derived and used mainly for fatigue life predictions for metals and composite materials. The authors review the principles underlying such models and suggest ways in which they may be best applied to polymeric materials in temperature environments. They first outline expectations when polymer degradation data can be rigorously time-temperature superposed over a given temperature range. For a step change in temperature after damage has occurred at an initial temperature in this range, the authors show that the remaining lifetime at the second temperature should be linearly related to the aging time prior to the step. This predicted linearity implies that it should be possible to estimate the remaining and therefore the service lifetime of polymers by completing the aging at an accelerated temperature. They refer to this generic temperature-step method as the Wear-out approach. They next outline the expectations for Wear-out experiments when time-temperature superposition is invalid. Experimental Wear-out results are then analyzed for one material where time-temperature superposition is valid and for another where evidence suggests it is invalid. In analyzing the data, they introduce a procedure that they refer to as time-degradation superposition. This …

We report results of three searches for scalar top quark. Two of the searches look for direct production of scalar top quark followed by the decay of the scalar quark to charm quark and neutralino or bottom and chargino. The third search looks for top quark decaying to scalar top and neutralino followed by the decay of scalar top to bottom quark and neutralino. We find no evidence for the presence of scalar top quark in any of the searches. Therefore, depending on the search we set limits on the production cross-section, BR(t {yields} {tilde t}{sub 1} + {tilde {chi}}{sup 0}{sub 1}), or m{sub {tilde t}} vs. m{sub {tilde {chi}}{sup 0}{sub 1}}.

Recent observations show that the thermal boundary conditions within large-scale fires are significantly affected by the presence of thermally massive objects. These objects cool the soot and gas near their surfaces, and these effects reduce the incoming radiant heat-flux to values lower than the levels expected from simple {sigma}T{sub fire}{sup 4} models. They also affect the flow and temperature fields in the fire far from their surfaces. The Cask Analysis Fire Environment (CAFE) code has been developed at Sandia National Laboratories to provide an enhanced fire boundary condition for the design of radioactive material packages. CAFE is a set of computer subroutines that use computational fluid mechanics methods to predict convective heat transfer and mixing. It also includes models for fuel and oxygen transport, chemical reaction, and participating-media radiation heat transfer. This code uses two-dimensional computational models so that it has reasonably short turnaround times on standard workstations and is well suited for design and risk studies. In this paper, CAFE is coupled with a commercial finite-element program to model a large cylindrical calorimeter fully engulfed in a pool fire. The time-dependent heat-flux to the calorimeter and the calorimeter surface temperature are determined for several locations around the calorimeter circumference. …

Friction force microscopy measurements of a polydiacetylene monolayer film reveal a 300% friction anisotropy that is correlated with the film structure. The film consists of a monolayer of the red form of N-(2-ethanol)- 10,12 pentacosadiynamide, prepared on a Langmuir trough and deposited on a mica substrate. As confirmed by atomic force microscopy and fluorescence microscopy, the monolayer consists of domains of linearly oriented conjugated backbones with pendant hydrocarbon side chains above and below the backbones. Maximum friction occurs when the sliding direction is perpendicular to the backbone. We propose that the backbones impose anisotropic packing of the hydrocarbon side chains which leads to the observed friction anisotropy. Friction anisotropy is therefore a sensitive, optically-independent indicator of polymer backbone direction and monolayer structural properties.

The conduction band minimum formation of GaAs{sub 0.5{minus}y}P{sub 0.5{minus}y}N{sub 2y} is investigated for small nitrogen compositions (0.1% &lt; 2y &lt; 1.0%), by using a pseudopotential technique. This formation is caused by two unusual processes both involving the deep-gap impurity level existing in the dilute alloy limit y {r_arrow} 0. The first process is an anticrossing with the {Gamma}{sub Ic}-like extended state of GaAs{sub 0.5}P{sub 0.5}. The second process is an interaction with other impurity levels forming a subband. These two processes are expected to occur in any alloys exhibiting a deep-gap impurity level at one of its dilute limit.

The variation of the value of the linewidth of an excitonic transition in InGaAsN alloys (1% and 2% nitrogen) as a function of hydrostatic pressure using photoluminescence spectroscopy is studied at 4K. The excitonic linewidth increases as a function of pressure until about 100 kbar after which it tends to saturate. This pressure dependent excitonic linewidth is used to derive the pressure variation of the exciton reduced mass using a theoretical formalism based on the premise that the broadening of the excitonic transition is caused primarily by compositional fluctuations in a completely disordered alloy. The linewidth derived ambient pressure masses are compared and found to be in agreement with other mass measurements. The variation of this derived mass is compared with the results from a nearly first-principles approach in which calculations based on the local density approximation to the Kohn-Sham density functional theory are corrected using a small amount of experimental input.

A fast tracking trigger system based on a new scintillating fiber tracker is being built for the upgraded D0 detector for the Collider Run II at Fermilab. This fiber tracker trigger provides a first level hardware trigger, supplies track seeds for the first level muon trigger and for the second level trigger. The physics requirements and the corresponding algorithms for the hardware trigger will be described. Particularly, PLD (Programmable Logical Device) chips are used to implement our trigger algorithms to achieve pattern recognition from scintillating fiber hits and to format that information for delivery to other trigger systems. Detector trigger efficiency studies will also be presented.

The effect of lateral composition modulation, spontaneously generated during the epitaxial growth of a AlAs/InAs short-period superlattice, on the electronic band structure is investigated using photo-transmission and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Compared with uniform layers of similar average composition, the presence of the composition modulation considerably reduces the band gap energy and produces strongly polarized emission and absorption spectra. The authors demonstrate that the dominant polarization can selectively be aligned along the [{bar 1}10] or [010] crystallographic directions. In compressively strained samples, the use of (001) InP substrates slightly miscut toward [111]A or [101] resulted in modulation directions along [110] or [100], respectively, and dominant polarizations along a direction orthogonal to the respective composition modulation. Band gap reduction as high as 350 meV and 310 meV are obtained for samples with composition modulation along [110] and [100], respectively. Polarization ratios up to 26 are observed in transmission spectra.

Measurements by the Fermilab D0 and CDF collaborations of prompt photon events in p{anti p} collisions at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV are reported. The measured isolated photon cross sections are compared to current parton distribution functions and NLO QCD predictions. The cross section ratio of forward to central {eta} bins and {eta} distributions are presented and compared with theoretical predictions. {gamma}+2jet events yield insight into final state radiation. A new measurement of {gamma}+{mu} events is presented which probes the charm content of the proton. Finally, di-photon results are presented as a probe of initial state radiation; these results are compared to NLO QCD, Pythia parton showers, and resummation models.

Using a micro-Contact Printing ({mu}-CP) technique, substrates are prepared with patterns of hydrophilic, hydroxyl-terminated SAMS and hydrophobic methyl-terminated SAMS. Beginning with a homogeneous solution of silica, surfactant, ethanol, water, and functional silane, preferential ethanol evaporation during dip-coating, causes water enrichment and selective de-wetting of the hydrophobic SAMS. Correspondingly, film deposition occurs exclusively on the patterned hydrophilic SAMS. In addition, by co-condensation of tetrafunctional silanes (Si(OR){sub 4}) with tri-functional organosilanes ((RO){sub 3}Si(CH{sub 2}){sub 3}NH{sub 2}), the authors have selectively derived the silica framework with functional amine NH{sub 2} groups. A pH sensitive, micro-fluidic system was formed by further conjugation reactions with pH sensitive dye molecules.

We present recent results on dijet production in p{anti p} collisions at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV at the Fermilab Tevatron. Data from both CDF and D0 experiments are shown. Dijet measurements complement prior inclusive jet measurements, which have shown a possible excess above expectations at high transverse energy. The same trend is seen in the dijet mass spectra.

In-plane magnetic field photoluminescence spectra from n series of n-type modulation doped GaAs/Al{sub 0.3}Ga{sub 0.7}As coupled double quantum wells show distinctive doublet structures related to the tunnel-split ground sub-level states. The magnetic field behavior of the upper transition from the antisymmetric state strongly depends on sample mobility. In a lower mobility sample, the transition energy displays an N-type kink with field (namely a maximum followed by a minimum), whereas higher mobility samples have a linear dependence. The former is attributed to a coupling mechanism due to homogeneous broadening of the electron and hole states. The results are in good agreement with recent theoretical calculations.