This report provides a literature review on the research and development work contributing to the current status of nanofluid technology for heat transfer applications in industrial processes. Nanofluid technology is a relatively new field, and as such, the supporting studies are not extensive. Specifically, the experimental results and theoretical predictions regarding the enhancement of the thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer of nanofluids relative to conventional heat transfer fluids were reviewed and assessments were made of the current status to derive future research and development directions for industrial applications. Pertinent parameters were considered individually as to the current state of knowledge. Experimental results from multiple research groups were cast into a consistent parameter, 'the enhancement ratio,' to facilitate comparisons of data among research groups and identification of thermal property and heat transfer trends. The current state of knowledge is presented as well as areas where the data are currently inconclusive or conflicting. Heat transfer enhancement for available nanoparticles is known to be in the 15-40% range, with a few situations resulting in orders of magnitude enhancement. The direction of future research should be to substantiate the lower range results and to continue investigations into the higher enhancements. The focus of …

This document summarizes the performance of the groundwater and surface water restoration systems installed by the Commodity Credit Corporation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (CCC/USDA) at the former CCC/USDA grain storage facility in Murdock, Nebraska, during the initial period of systems operation, from June 2005 through December 2006. In the Murdock project, several innovative technologies are being used to remove carbon tetrachloride contamination from a shallow aquifer underlying the town, as well as from water naturally discharged to the surface at the headwaters of a small creek (a tributary to Pawnee Creek) north of the town (Figure 1.1). The restoration activities at Murdock are being conducted by the CCC/USDA as a non-time-critical removal action under the regulatory authority and supervision of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region VII. Argonne National Laboratory assisted the CCC/USDA by providing technical oversight for the restoration effort and facilities during this review period. Included in this report are the results of all sampling and monitoring activities performed in accord with the EPA-approved Monitoring Plan for this site (Argonne 2006), as well as additional investigative activities conducted during the review period. This document presents overviews of the treatment facilities (Section 2) and site operations …