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The 1996 Farm Bill: Comparisons of Selected Provisions with Previous Law
Final congressional approval was given to H.R. 2854, the Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act, otherwise known as the "1996 farm bill," on March 28, 1996. President Clinton signed the bill into law on April 4, 1996 (P.L. 104-127). In tabular format, this CRS report lays out in descriptive, rather than legislative language, the major provisions of the new farm bill in contrast to preceding law.
Date:
April 4, 1996
Creator:
Library of Congress. Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division. Food and Agriculture Section.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Agricultural Marketing and Regulatory Provisions of the 1996 Farm Bill
The Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-127), signed into law on April 4, for the first time grants the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) broad-based authority to establish national generic promotion ("check-off") programs for virtually any agricultural commodity. Formerly, individual programs first had to be authorized expressly by Congress. The new law also explicitly authorizes the establishment of new check-off programs for rapeseed and canola, kiwifruit, and popcorn. Other provisions require USDA to establish a new meat and poultry inspection advisory committee; deal with the collection of user fees for the inspection of agricultural imports; and authorize new guidelines to protect horses being transported to slaughter facilities, among other things.
Date:
April 30, 1996
Creator:
Becker, Geoffrey S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Conservation Compliance for Agriculture: Status and Policy Issues
This program, known as "conservation compliance," was amended in 1990 and 1996. This paper reviews the compliance concept, the program requirements, and the implementation record. It also introduces three policy topics: the effect of compliance on erosion rates and patterns; the effectiveness and flexibility of implementation; and the possible impact of changes to commodity policies enacted in the 1996 farm bill.
Date:
April 10, 1998
Creator:
Zinn, Jeffrey A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Conservation Reserve Program - Preliminary Results from the 15th Signup
This report includes a table listing, by state, the: Number of bids, or offers, received; Total acres offered for enrollment; Acres offered that are currently enrolled in the CRP; Acres offered are not currently enrolled in the CRP; Acres on which contracts expire on September 30, 1997; Percentage of acres currently in the program that were offered for reenrollment; and Percentage of acres offered that are not currently enrolled in the CRP.
Date:
April 18, 1997
Creator:
Zinn, Jeffrey A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Tobacco Marketing and Advertising Restrictions in S. 1648, 105th Congress: First Amendment Issues
None
Date:
April 8, 1998
Creator:
Cohen, Henry
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Farm Commodity Programs: Sugar
This report discusses the federal sugar program, which authorized by the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 seeks to ensure the viability of the U.S. sugar producing sector primarily by supporting the incomes of sugar beet and sugarcane producers and of those firms that process each crop into sugar.
Date:
April 24, 1998
Creator:
Jurenas, Remy
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
California Air Quality FIP - A Fact Sheet
On April 10, 1995, President Clinton signed P.L. 104-6, which contained a provision that rescinds the Federal air quality implementation plan (FIP) for the South Coast, Ventura, and Sacramento areas of California.(1) As a result, the FIP issued by EPA has no further force and effect, and California will continue pursuing approval of its own State implementation plan (SIP) in lieu of the FIP. Promulgation of the FIP was perceived by some within the State as having a detrimental effect on California's industries and economy resulting from costly and burdensome air pollution control measures contained in the plan.
Date:
April 13, 1995
Creator:
Mayer, Susan L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Global Climate Change: Selected Legal Questions About the Kyoto Protocol
This report discusses the Kyoto Protocol and whether the United States is now legally bound by the Protocol, the legal implications of signing it, whether it could be implemented as an executive agreement without submission to the Senate, and whether the Protocol could be used as the legal basis for regulation of emissions even prior to ratification.
Date:
April 10, 1998
Creator:
Ackerman, David M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Implementing Acid Rain Legislation
This report discusses the broad-ranging provisions in Title IV of The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (P.L. 101-549), which raise myriad implementation issues, particularly with respect to the system of tradable "allowances."
Date:
April 5, 1995
Creator:
Parker, Larry
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Northern Right Whale
This report summarizes the fact that northern right whale is the most endangered among all the whale species. The National Marine Fisheries Service is taking extra measures to protect these whales from any negative human interactions.
Date:
April 14, 1995
Creator:
Corn, M. Lynne
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Federal Budget Process: A Brief Outline
In a sense the term "budget process" is a misnomer when applied to the federal government. Budgeting for the federal government is not a single process; rather it consists of a number of processes that have evolved separately and which occur with varying degrees of coordination. This report, and the accompanying flow chart, attempt to clarify the role played by each of the component parts of the budget process as well as how they operate together.
Date:
April 26, 1996
Creator:
Saturno, James V.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Appropriations for FY1999: An Overview
Appropriations are one part of a complex federal budget process that includes budget resolutions, appropriations (regular, supplemental, and continuing) bills, rescissions, and budget reconciliation bills. This report is a guide to CRS reports that provide analytical perspectives on the 13 annual appropriations bills, and other related appropriation measures. It does not include a detailed explanation or description of the budget or appropriations processes.
Date:
April 28, 1999
Creator:
Anderson, J. Michael
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Spending Pipeline: Stages of Federal Spending
Federal government spending involves a multi-step process in which budget authority is enacted and obligated, and outlays are generated. Budget authority is enacted in law; it provides federal agencies the legal basis to incur obligations. Obligations, which reflect such activities as employing personnel, entering into contracts, and submitting purchase orders, establish financial liabilities of the federal government. Outlays are payments that liquidate these obligations. This multi-step process can be illustrated as a spending pipeline
Date:
April 23, 1998
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Basic Federal Budgeting Terminology
In its most elemental form, the federal budget is a comprehensive accounting of the government’s spending, revenues, and borrowing. This fact sheet provides a brief overview of the basic terminology and concepts used in the federal budget process.
Date:
April 27, 1998
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Executive Budget Process Timetable
The executive budget process is a complex set of activities that includes formulation of the President’s budget, interaction with Congress, and execution of the budget. Table 1 provides a timetable of the major steps in the year and a half process. The initial development of the President’s budget begins in the individual federal agencies approximately 10 months before the President submits it to Congress (17 or 18 months before the start of the fiscal year).
Date:
April 8, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Role of the Office of Management and Budget in Budget Development
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) assists the President in carrying out his budgetary duties. Originally created by the 1921 Budget and Accounting Act as the Bureau of the Budget, it was reconstituted as OMB in 1970. Its primary function is to oversee the development and implementation of the federal budget.
Date:
April 21, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Overview of the Executive Budget Process
The executive budget process consists of three main phases: development of the President's budget; interaction with Congress; and execution of the budget. This fact sheet provides a brief overview of each of these phases.
Date:
April 26, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Role of the President in Budget Development
The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 established the executive budget process, which requires the President to prepare and submit a comprehensive federal budget to Congress each year for the fiscal year that begins on October 1. The President sets out his national priorities and proposes policy initiatives in the federal budget submitted to Congress soon after Congress convenes in January. The President's budget submission provides him the opportunity to influence the agenda for the upcoming budget and policy debate in Congress.
Date:
April 27, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Japanese Companies and Technology: Lessons to Learn?
American companies are facing increased competitive pressures from foreign firms. Many observers feel that U.S. firms lag behind their foreign competitors in the development, application, and marketing of new technologies and techniques. The Japanese industrial enterprise is characterized by a large proportion of private sector financing and many other factors, which this report analyzes at length. The question being debated by Congress is whether or not U.S. government programs and policies are an acceptable and effective means of supporting the efforts of American industries to operate in a manner consistent with success in world markets.
Date:
April 15, 1991
Creator:
Schacht, Wendy H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Work Opportunity Tax Credit: A Fact Sheet
The 104th Congress replaced the Targeted Jobs Tax Credit (TJTC, 1978-1994) with the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) in section 1201 of the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-188). This document provides basic facts about the WOTC.
Date:
April 2, 1998
Creator:
Levine, Linda
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Proposed Tobacco Settlement: Who Pays for the Health Costs of Smoking?
None
Date:
April 30, 1998
Creator:
Gravelle, Jane G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Violent and Abusive Behavior in Youth: A Public Health Problem
None
Date:
April 3, 1998
Creator:
Cooper, Edith Fairman
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Law of Church and State: The Proposed Religious Freedom Amendment, H.J. Res. 78
This report summarizes legislative developments on the proposal and briefly analyzes its likely legal effect if added to the Constitution.
Date:
April 20, 1998
Creator:
Ackerman, David M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
English as the Official Language of the United States: An Overview
This report provides background on contemporary efforts to declare English the official language, a review of selected issues raised by official English proposals in Congress, and a summary of arguments that have been advanced in favor of and in opposition to such proposals.
Date:
April 1, 1997
Creator:
Aleman, Steven R.; Bruno, Andorra & Dale, Charles V.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library