This paper presents an overview of the hardware and software proposed for the ATLAS level 2 Trigger ROI Builder/Supervisor. The essential requirements of this system are that it operate at the design Level 1 Trigger rate of 100kHz and that it support the technical requirements of the architectures suggested for the ATLAS Level 2 Trigger. Commercial equipment and software support are used to the maximum extent possible, with support from dedicated hardware. Timing requirements and latencies are discussed and simulation results are presented.

This paper makes a case for the use of participatory ergonomics by and for ergonomists. A strategy for using participatory ergonomics in a conference workshop format is described. The process could be used as a tool for issues of common concern among ergonomists. it would also offer an experience of the participatory ergonomics process. An example workshop on quantifying costs and benefits of ergonomics is discussed.

This document describes the TRANSIMS software architecture and high-level design for the first Interim Operational Capability (IOC-1). Our primary goal in establishing the TRANSIMS software architecture is to lay down a framework for IOC-1. We aim to make sure that the various components of TRANSIMS are effectively integrated, both for IOC-1 and beyond, so that TRANSIMS remains flexible, expandable, portable, and maintainable throughout its lifetime. In addition to outlining the high-level design of the TRANSIMS software, we also set forth the software development environment and software engineering practices used for TRANSIMS.

The objective of this project was to create a system that delivered the appropriate information to the machine tool user just when needed and in the most appropriate form. The expertise of FM&T in the areas of instructional system design and multimedia creation was employed. Huffman brought together their subject matter experts from engineering, manufacturing, technical writing, and technical support. AlliedSignal FM&T worked together with Huffman as a design team to determine what tasks must be accomplished throughout the machine tool production phases, who performs those tasks, what skills are utilized, and what information is required to support the tasks. This project resulted in the identification of information flow throughout the life cycle of the machine tool products. Specialized tools required for assembly and calibration procedures were identified and their images captured, digitized, and stored for easy retrieval within the PSS. Subject matter experts were interviewed to determine which tasks require highly specialized knowledge and skills. These tasks were then performed on actual machines and the technicians' actions captured on video tape. The resulting video segments were edited, digitized, and integrated into the information system portion of the PSS where they are available for viewing alongside procedural information presented on …

Risk ranking schemes have been used in safety analysis to distinguish lower risk accidents from higher risk accidents. This is necessary to identify those events that might warrant additional study or quantitative analysis and to ensure that any resources allocated for risk reduction are properly directed. A common method used for risk ranking utilizes risk matrices. These are typically 3x3 or 4x4 matrices having event consequences along one axis and event frequency along the other. Each block on the risk matrix represents some level of risk, and blocks presenting similar risk are often grouped together into one of three or four risk regions. Once a risk matrix has been identified, events are placed on the matrix based on an estimate of the event consequence and event frequency. Once the risk of each block on the matrix is defined, the relative risk of the events can be found based on where they are placed on the matrix. In most cases, the frequency axis of the matrix has numerical values associated with it, typically spanning several orders of magnitude. Often, the consequence axis is based on a qualitative scale, where consequences are judgment based. However, the consequence scale generally has implicit quantitative …

Goal was to develop interference lithography (IL) as a reliable process for patterning large-area, deep-submicron scale field emission arrays for field emission display (FED) applications. We have developed a system based on IL which can easily produce an array of 0.2-0.5 micron emitters over large area (up to 400 sq. in. to date) with better than 5% height and spacing uniformity. Process development as a result of this LDRD project represents a significant advance over the current state of the art for FED manufacturing and is applicable to all types of FEDs, independent of the emitter material. Ability of IL to pattern such structures simultaneously and uniformly on a large format has application to other technology areas, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM) production and magnetic media recording.

The objective of this project was to determine the suitability of oxidation in supercritical fluids (SCO), particularly water (SCWO), for disposal of propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics (PEPs). The SCO studies of PEPs addressed the following issues: The efficiency of destruction of the substrate. The products of destruction contained in the effluents. Whether the process can be conducted safely on a large scale. Whether energy recovery from the process is economically practicable. The information essential for process development and equipment design was also investigated, including issues such as practical throughput of explosives through a SCWO reactor, reactor materials and corrosion, and models for process design and optimization.

The Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, and several university and industrial partners are evaluating recycling radioactively contaminated stainless steel. The goal of this program is to recycle contaminated stainless steel scrap from US Department of Energy national defense facilities. There is a large quantity of stainless steel at the DOE Savannah River Site from retired heavy water moderated Nuclear material production reactors (for example heat exchangers and process water piping), that will be used in pilot studies of potential recycle processes. These parts are contaminated by fission products, activated species, and tritium generated by neutron irradiation of the primary reactor coolant, which is heavy (deuterated) water. This report reviews current understanding of tritium contamination of stainless steel and previous studies of decontaminating tritium exposed stainless steel. It also outlines stainless steel refining methods, and proposes recommendations based on this review.

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Large volumes of hydrocarbons are stored worldwide in surface and underground tanks. It is well documented [1] that all too often these tanks are found to leak, resulting in not only a loss of stored inventory but, more importantly, contamination to soil and groundwater. Two field experiments are reported herein to evaluate the utility of electrical resistance tomography (ERT) for detecting and locating leaks as well as delineating any resulting plumes emanating from steel underground storage tanks (UST). Current leak detection methods for single shell tanks require careful inventory monitoring, usually from liquid level sensors within the tank, or placement of chemical sensors in the soil under and around the tank. Liquid level sensors can signal a leak but are limited in sensitivity and, of course, give no information about the location or the leak or the distribution of the resulting plume. External sensors are expensive to retrofit and must be very densely spaced to assure reliable detection, especially in heterogeneous soils. The rational for using subsurface tomography is that it may have none of these shortcomings.

The Final Report describes results of further investigation of nature of vicinal sectorality in KDP crystals. Part I contains data of quantitative estimation of distinctions between the lattice parameters in the neighbor growth sectors and vicinal sectors of some rapidly grown KDP and DKDP crystals. It demonstrates opportunities of the plane wave X-ray topography for quantitative characterization of crystals grown in known conditions. Part II gives description of some mechanisms of striations formation in which the vicinal sectorality takes an important part.

Infrared computed tomography (IRCT) is a promising, non-contact, nondestructive evaluation tool used to inspect the mechanical integrity of large structures. We describe on-site, proof-of-principle demonstrations of IRCt to inspect defective metallic and composite structures. The IRCT system captures time sequences of heat-stimulated, dual-band infrared (DBIR) thermal maps for flash-heated and naturally-heated targets. Our VIEW algorithms produce co-registered thermal, thermal inertia, and thermal-timegram maps from which we quantify the percent metal-loss corrosion damage for airframes and the defect sites, depths, and host-material physical properties for composite structures. The IRCT method clarifies the type of defect, e.g., corrosion, fabrication, foreign-material insert, delamination, unbond, void, and quantifies the amount of damage from the defect, e.g., the percent metal-loss from corrosion in metal structures, the depth, thickness, and areal extent of heat damage in multi-layered composite materials. Potential long-term benefits of IRCT technology are in-service monitoring of incipient corrosion damage, to avoid catastrophic failure and production-monitoring of cure states for composite materials.

This Acceptance Test Report (ATR) documents for record purposes the field results, acceptance, and approvals of the completed acceptance test per HNF-SD-W417-ATP-001, ''Rail car Waste Transfer System Hydrostatic Test''. The test was completed and approved without any problems or exceptions.

Magnetic Circular X-ray Dichroism (MCXD) studies at K edges of Fe-Ni alloys reveal changes of the MCXD signal with composition and crystal structure. We observe that the signal at the invar composition is of comparable strength as other compositions. Moreover, the edge position is strongly dependent on lattice constant. First principles calculations demonstrate that the shape and strength of the signal strongly depends on the crystal orientation, composition, and lattice constant. We find direct relation between the MCXD signal and the p DOS. We find that the MCXD at K edge probes the magnetism due to itinerant electrons.

The CO conversion and isobutylene yield for Runs 11 to 20 (except run 12) at the conditions of 450{degree}C, 1,200 psig, and 1,920 gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), Is given in Table 2. These conditions generally provide the maximum CO conversion for each run. Runs 5 to 10 is also provided in Table 2 for a comparison. The description of the catalysts also given in Table 2 includes the composition, method of preparation, and calcination temperature for each catalyst tested. Data for Runs 12 and 21 are at different conditions, as discussed later in this report. The conversion and yield data were obtained at relatively short times on-stream ({approximately}11 hours). The extent of catalyst deactivation has not been determined. The freshly precipitated CeO{sub 2} catalyst, IS-9, is by far the most active but is poorly selective to Isobutene. The catalyst primarily produces saturated by-products. The commercial CeO{sub 2,} IS-8, had low surface area and little activity. Earlier tests show that lowering the calcination temperature of precipitated catalysts produced higher surface areas, higher tetragonal content, higher activity and higher yields. The ZrO{sub 2} sol-gel catalysts show a similar relationship. A comparison of Run 9 (ZrO{sub 2} calcined at 600{degree}C) and Run …

The CO conversion and isobutylene yield for Runs 11 to 20 (except run 12) at the conditions of 450[degree]C, 1,200 psig, and 1,920 gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), Is given in Table 2. These conditions generally provide the maximum CO conversion for each run. Runs 5 to 10 is also provided in Table 2 for a comparison. The description of the catalysts also given in Table 2 includes the composition, method of preparation, and calcination temperature for each catalyst tested. Data for Runs 12 and 21 are at different conditions, as discussed later in this report. The conversion and yield data were obtained at relatively short times on-stream ([approximately]11 hours). The extent of catalyst deactivation has not been determined. The freshly precipitated CeO[sub 2] catalyst, IS-9, is by far the most active but is poorly selective to Isobutene. The catalyst primarily produces saturated by-products. The commercial CeO[sub 2,] IS-8, had low surface area and little activity. Earlier tests show that lowering the calcination temperature of precipitated catalysts produced higher surface areas, higher tetragonal content, higher activity and higher yields. The ZrO[sub 2] sol-gel catalysts show a similar relationship. A comparison of Run 9 (ZrO[sub 2] calcined at 600[degree]C) and Run …

The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has developed radar and imaging technologies with potential application in demining efforts. A patented wideband (impulse) radar that is very compact, very low cost, and very low power, has been demonstrated in test fields to be able to detect and image nonmetallic land mines buried in 2-10 cm of soil. The scheme takes advantage of the very short radar impulses and the ability to form a large synthetic aperture with many small individual units, to generate high resolution 2-D or 3-D tomographic images of the mine and surrounding ground. Radar range calculations predict that a vehicle-mounted or man-carried system is quite feasible using this technology. This paper presents the results of field tests using a prototype unit and describes practical mine detection system concepts. Predicted capabilities in terms of stand-off range and radiated power requirements are discussed.

This report was prepared by Westinghouse Hanford Company (WHC) with technical and cost estimating support from Pacific Northwest Laboratories (PNL) and Parsons Environmental Services, Inc. (Parsons). This engineering study evaluates the requirements and alternatives for decontamination/treatment of contaminated equipment at the Hanford Site. The purpose of this study is to determine the decontamination/treatment strategy that best supports the Hanford Site environmental restoration mission. It describes the potential waste streams requiring treatment or decontamination, develops the alternatives under consideration establishes the criteria for comparison, evaluates the alternatives, and draws conclusions (i.e., the optimum strategy for decontamination). Although two primary alternatives are discussed, this study does identify other alternatives that may warrant additional study. hanford Site solid waste management program activities include storage, special processing, decontamination/treatment, and disposal facilities. This study focuses on the decontamination/treatment processes (e.g., waste decontamination, size reduction, immobilization, and packaging) that support the environmental restoration mission at the Hanford Site.

The ''Cold War'' was not fought only by soldiers but by scientists and engineers in Laboratories and plants located throughout the world. With the fall of the Berlin Wall, the ''Cold War'' was effectively over, but the weapons of nuclear war remained. Following signing of START 2 (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) in 1993, up to 100 tonnes of weapons usable plutonium is expected to be declared excess by the Super Powers. Steps must be taken to address the proliferation risks associated with this plutonium. Again the scientist and engineers, who were the ''Cold War'' warriors, are being asked to develop methods to disposition this plutonium such that it can never again be used for weapons. Will we burn the plutonium in reactors or immobilize the plutonium either in a glass or ceramic matrix? Interesting challenges face chemists and chemical engineers developing immobilization techniques to render the plutonium both environmentally benign, and proliferation resistant.

Continuous, high quality profiles of water vapor, free of systematic bias, and of moderate temporal and spatial resolution, acquired over long periods at low operational and maintenance cost, are fundamental to the success of the ARM CART program. The development and verification of realistic climate model parameterizations for clouds and net radiation balance, and the correction of other CART site sensor observations for interferences due to the presence of water vapor are critically dependent on water vapor profile measurements. Application of profiles acquired with current techniques, have, to date, been limited by vertical resolution and uniqueness of solution [e.g. high resolution infrared (IR) Fourier transform radiometry], poor spatial and temporal coverage and high operating cost (e.g. radiosondes), or diminished daytime performance, lack of eye-safety, and high maintenance cost (e.g. Raman lidar). Recent developments in infrared laser and detector technology make possible compact IR differential absorption lidar (DIAL) systems at eye-safe wavelengths. In the study reported here, we develop DIAL system performance models and examine the potential of to solve some of the shortcomings of previous methods using parameterizations representative of current technologies. These models are also applied to diagnose and evaluate other strengths and weaknesses unique to the DIAL method …

As the systems engineering activities at the US Department of Energy`s Hanford reservation have matured, they have been placed in many positions within the management structure. Some of these have been more successful than others. This paper describes the organizational evolution of systems engineering over the last few years to its current successful configuration. Background The US Department of Energy (DOE) owns the 640 square mile Hanford reservation located in southeast Washington State (Figure 1). The Site has been operated for DOE by a team of contractors, who read like a Who`s Who in American Industry. Throughout its history from its founding in 1943 until 1991, Hanford`s primary mission was to produce special nuclear material for the nuclear weapons program. This mission resulted in significant quantities of radioactive and mixed waste that is stored on the site in a variety of forms. In addition much of the surface area, subsurface soil, and groundwater are contaminated to various degrees. The Reservation is located on the banks of the Columbia River, and the avoidance of contaminating the waterway that services the Pacific Northwest is a national concern. In 1991, the mission of the Hanford Site was changed from production to environmental cleanup. …

Nondestructive measurements of x-ray and gamma-ray emissions can be used to analyze a sample for plutonium. This report describes the methods and algorithms we have developed for analyzing gamma-ray spectra obtained by using a germanium detector system to accurately determine the relative abundances of various actinide isotopes in a sample. Our methodology requires no calibrations and can be used to measure virtually any size and type of plutonium sample. Measurement times can be as short as a few minutes; measurements are frequently accurate to within 1%. Our methods have been programmed into a computerized analysis code called MGA (Multi-Group Analysis). Our current versions can be run on personal computers (IBM type) and on the DEC VAX microcomputer. Spectral analysis times are usually far less than a minute. 28 refs., 26 figs., 1 tab.

Fluor Daniel Hanford, Inc. (FDH) is the Management Contractor for the Project Hanford Management Contract for the Department of Energy - Richland Operations Office. The Central Training Organization within FDH provides cross-cutting training services for its own personnel as well as for six subcontractors and six enterprise companies performing project work across the 560 square miles of the Hanford Site near Richland, Washington. Manager Safety Training has been presented by the Environmental, Safety and Health Training (ES and HT) team to managers, supervisors, team leads, and other personnel across the Hanford Site for over four years. The training is intended to heighten the awareness of management toward both identified (via accident/injury reports) and potential safety issues and concerns. Managers need to be aware of their responsibilities and to know where to go/who to contact (for example, company manuals or facility safety representatives) for additional information. At the conclusion of each training session, students are asked to complete a Level I evaluation (Kirkpatrick Model, see sidebar) and this feedback is reviewed by the instructors Commonly, revisions to the course content and presentation format are made solely by the ES and HT instructors and their manager each year.

The following topics are discussed: A new thermodynamical theory of continuum damage mechanics capable of incorporating non-isothermal processes and of providing explicit expressions for the thermal dissipation during damage evolution; the advancement of the methodology of heterogenization to analyze elastic bodies with defects; and investigations of bonded dissimilar piezoelectric half-spaces.