U.S. Assistance to the Former Soviet Union (open access)

U.S. Assistance to the Former Soviet Union

This report describes the broad framework of U.S. assistance programs and policies in the former Soviet Union and then focuses on the foreign operations FREEDOM Support Act (FSA) account which, encompassing all U.S. objectives in the region, has often been the means by which Congress has expressed its views and sought to influence policy.
Date: April 14, 2005
Creator: Tarnoff, Curt
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States (open access)

New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States

None
Date: April 12, 2005
Creator: Vaughn, Bruce
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
U.S. Direct Investment Abroad:  Trends and Current Issues (open access)

U.S. Direct Investment Abroad: Trends and Current Issues

None
Date: April 29, 2005
Creator: Jackson, James K.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Pakistan: Chronology of Recent Events (open access)

Pakistan: Chronology of Recent Events

None
Date: April 25, 2005
Creator: Kronstadt, K. Alan
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Afghanistan:  Presidential and Parliamentary Elections (open access)

Afghanistan: Presidential and Parliamentary Elections

Presidential elections in Afghanistan were held on October 9, 2004, with heavy turnout and minimal violence. Karzai was declared the winner on November 3, 2004 with about 55% of the vote. Parliamentary, provincial, and district elections were to be held in April-May 2005, but parliamentary and provincial elections are now to be held September 18, 2005; district elections are put off until 2006. See CRS Report RL30588, Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy.
Date: April 8, 2005
Creator: Katzman, Kenneth
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Alternative Minimum Tax for Individuals: Legislative Initiatives and Their Revenue Effects (open access)

The Alternative Minimum Tax for Individuals: Legislative Initiatives and Their Revenue Effects

This report discusses legislative initiatives regarding the alternative minimum tax (AMT) for individuals, which was originally enacted to ensure that all taxpayers, especially high-income taxpayers, paid at least a minimum amount of federal taxes.
Date: April 22, 2005
Creator: Esenwein, Gregg A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
House Select Committee on Intelligence:  Leadership and Assignment Limitations (open access)

House Select Committee on Intelligence: Leadership and Assignment Limitations

None
Date: April 25, 2005
Creator: Schneider, Judy
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Ballistic Missile Defense:  Historical Overview (open access)

Ballistic Missile Defense: Historical Overview

In recent years there has been a growing sense of urgency to develop and deploy effective missile defenses against a range of long and short range ballistic missile threats. Although many might believe this to be relative new to U.S. national security objectives, such interest been ongoing since the 1960s, and current technologies being investigated date to the early 1980s. This effort has been challenging technically and politically controversial. Some $100 billion has been spent since the mid-1980s. This report provides a brief overview of U.S. efforts to date.
Date: April 22, 2005
Creator: Hildreth, Steven A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
A Free Trade Area of the Americas: Major Policy Issues and Status of Negotiations (open access)

A Free Trade Area of the Americas: Major Policy Issues and Status of Negotiations

In 1994, 34 Western Hemisphere nations met at the first Summit of the Americas, envisioning a plan for completing a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) by January 1, 2005. Nine years later, the third draft text of the agreement was presented at the November 2003 Miami trade ministerial. The Ministerial Declaration, negotiated largely by the two co-chairs, Brazil and the United States, took the FTAA in a new direction, away from the comprehensive, single undertaking principle, toward a two-tier framework comprising a set of “common rights and obligations” for all countries, augmented by voluntary plurilateral arrangements with country benefits related to commitments. A follow-up meeting in early 2004 in Puebla, Mexico was unable to clarify this concept, highlighting the deep differences that remained between the United States and Brazil. FTAA talks subsequently stalled and the original January 1, 2005 deadline was missed. In the meantime, both Brazil and the United States are pursuing subregional trade pacts that may further complicate the negotiation process. Talks between Brazil and the United States may resume in early 2005, but it is still unclear if significant progress can be made on the FTAA this year.
Date: April 13, 2005
Creator: Hornbeck, J. F.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Navy Network-Centric Warfare Concept: Key Programs and Issues for Congress (open access)

Navy Network-Centric Warfare Concept: Key Programs and Issues for Congress

None
Date: April 1, 2005
Creator: O'Rourke, Ronald
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Navy DD(X) and CG(X) Programs:  Background and Issues for Congress (open access)

Navy DD(X) and CG(X) Programs: Background and Issues for Congress

None
Date: April 7, 2005
Creator: O'Rourke, Ronald
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Navy Littoral Combat Ship (LCS): Background and Issues for Congress (open access)

Navy Littoral Combat Ship (LCS): Background and Issues for Congress

None
Date: April 1, 2005
Creator: O'Rourke, Ronald
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR): Controversies for the 109th Congress (open access)

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR): Controversies for the 109th Congress

This report discusses the ongoing debate about whether or not to approve energy development in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Current law forbids energy leasing in the Refuge. This report addresses several legislative options on the issue, as well as policymakers' arguments for and against development, especially in the wake of increasing terrorism since 2000-2001.
Date: April 25, 2005
Creator: Corn, M. Lynne; Gelb, Bernard A. & Baldwin, Pamela
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Lebanon (open access)

Lebanon

None
Date: April 14, 2005
Creator: Mark, Clyde R.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy (open access)

Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy

Afghanistan’s stabilization appears to be gathering strength, about three years after the U.S.-led war that brought the current government to power. Successful presidential elections held on October 9, 2004 appear to be accelerating political and economic reconstruction, and the insurgency led by remnants of the former Taliban regime has been diminishing significantly. Since the defeat of the Taliban, Afghanistan no longer serves as a safe base of operations for Al Qaeda. Remaining obstacles to stability include the continued local authority of militias controlled by regional leaders and growing narcotics trafficking. U.S. stabilization measures focus on strengthening the central government and its security forces. This report discusses U.S. efforts in Afghanistan at length, as well as the efforts of other countries around the world and the costs of U.S. aid to Afghanistan.
Date: April 21, 2005
Creator: Katzman, Kenneth
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Coup in Kyrgyzstan:  Developments and Implications (open access)

Coup in Kyrgyzstan: Developments and Implications

The United States has been interested in helping Kyrgyzstan to enhance its sovereignty and territorial integrity, increase democratic participation and civil society, bolster economic reform and development, strengthen human rights, prevent weapons proliferation, and more effectively combat transnational terrorism and trafficking in persons and narcotics. The United States has pursued these interests throughout Central Asia, with special strategic attention to oil-rich Kazakhstan and regional-power Uzbekistan, and somewhat less to Kyrgyzstan. The significance of Kyrgyzstan to the United States increased after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States.
Date: April 14, 2005
Creator: Nichol, Jim
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Palestinian Education and Debate Over Textbooks (open access)

Palestinian Education and Debate Over Textbooks

Palestinian education reform is seen to be a key element in the PalestinianIsraeli peace process. Many observers frequently have expressed concern that the Palestinian Authority (PA) education curriculum incites a younger generation of Palestinians to reject Israel, Judaism, and the achievement of peace in the region. Furthermore, some analysts and policymakers maintain that Palestinian education reform is not only important for Israeli-Palestinian peace, but also for broader U.S. interests in the region. From their perspective, a diverse, balanced curriculum may serve as a benchmark towards greater peace, democratization, and the development of a vibrant civil society in the Palestinian Territories.
Date: April 27, 2005
Creator: Pina, Aaron D.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center:  Issues for Congress (open access)

The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center: Issues for Congress

The construction of the National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC), with an estimated construction cost of $128 million, will be the The first Department of Homeland Security laboratory specifically focused on biodefense. Its programmatic contents and component organization are unclear, as conflicting the information has been provided during each of the past three budget cycles. Congressional oversight of programs, especially those performed in federal facilities for homeland security purposes, is considered key to maintaining transparency in biodefense. Policy issues that may interest Congress include funding for the construction of the NBACC facility, transparency of research activities performed through the center, and the potential for duplication of effort between the Department of Homeland Security and other federal agencies. This report will be updated as circumstances warrant.
Date: April 25, 2005
Creator: Shea, Dana A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Taiwan's Accession to the WTO and Its Economic Relations with the United States and China (open access)

Taiwan's Accession to the WTO and Its Economic Relations with the United States and China

After several years of negotiations, Taiwan joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), the international organization that sets rules for most international trade, on January 1, 2002. China fought to allow Taiwan to join the WTO only as a “separate customs territory” and only after China obtained membership (which it did in December 2001). Trade and investment relations between China and Taiwan have boomed in recent years; China has replaced the United States as Taiwan’s export market. However, political tensions between China and Taiwan remain high. In an effort to further boost U.S.-Taiwan economic ties (and to lessen Taiwan’s growing economic dependency on the mainland), some Members of Congress have indicated support for a U.S.-Taiwan free trade agreement (FTA). This report will be updated as events warrant.
Date: April 14, 2005
Creator: Morrison, Wayne M.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Energy Policy: Legislative Proposals in the 109th Congress (open access)

Energy Policy: Legislative Proposals in the 109th Congress

While introduction of energy legislation in the 109th Congress is pending, it remains unclear what its course may be. Some believe that the results of the fall 2004 election have heightened prospects for opening up the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) to oil and gas development, and the Republican leadership has indicated that ANWR is to be included in the budget resolution that will come before Congress. Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee Chairman Pete Domenici has indicated that the committee will mark up a comprehensive bill in February. However, Senator Domenici also expressed openness to considering individual bills; he and others are interested in legislation to establish a long-term leasing plan for natural gas resources.
Date: April 1, 2005
Creator: Bamberger, Robert L. & Behrens, Carl E.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Energy Policy: Comprehensive Energy Legislation (H.R. 6) in the 109th Congress (open access)

Energy Policy: Comprehensive Energy Legislation (H.R. 6) in the 109th Congress

The House passed H.R. 6, the Energy Policy Act of 2005, on April 21, 2005 (249-183). The legislation includes a “safe harbor” provision to protect methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) refiners from product liability suits, which was retained after a close vote on an amendment to drop the language (213-219). In the 108th Congress, there was opposition to this provision in the Senate. It is unclear how its inclusion may affect Senate passage of an energy bill in the 109th Congress. House Republicans have indicated that a compromise will be sought to satisfy the other body. Language in the House-passed bill would also authorize opening of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) to exploration and development. An amendment to delete the ANWR provisions from H.R. 6 was defeated (200-231).
Date: April 22, 2005
Creator: Bamberger, Robert L. & Behrens, Carl E.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Strategic Petroleum Reserve (open access)

Strategic Petroleum Reserve

None
Date: April 15, 2005
Creator: Bamberger, Robert L.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Pakistan-U.S. Relations (open access)

Pakistan-U.S. Relations

None
Date: April 27, 2005
Creator: Kronstadt, K. Alan
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Remedies Available to Victims of Identity Theft (open access)

Remedies Available to Victims of Identity Theft

According to the Federal Trade Commission, identity theft is the most common complaint from consumers in all fifty states, and complaints regarding identity theft have grown for four consecutive years. Victims of identity theft may incur damaged credit records, unauthorized charges on credit cards, and unauthorized withdrawals from bank accounts. Sometimes, victims must change their telephone numbers or even their social security numbers. Victims may also need to change addresses that were falsified by the impostor.
Date: April 19, 2005
Creator: Welborn, Angie A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library