The following report is the proceedings of a workshop convened at NOAA's Pacific Fisheries Environmental Group in Pacific Grove, California, on July 16-18 1996, to examine the uses of environmental data for fisheries.

This paper reports on the design and fabrication of a new milliscale magnetic actuator that is ideally suited for LIGA processing. LIGA processing permits the fabrication of millisized machine elements that cannot be fabricated by conventional miniature machining techniques because of their small feature sizes. The Milliengine is a magnetically driven device that utilizes a unique design to extend the 2-dimensional fabrication capability of LIGA to create 3-dimensional machinery.

The range of Thomsen`s anisotropy parameters {epsilon} and {delta} for vertical transversely isotropic (VTI) media when the anisotropy is due to fine layering of isotropic elas-tic materials is considered. We show that {epsilon} lies in the range -3/8 {<=} {epsilon} {<=} {1/2}[<v{sub p}{sup 2}><v{sup p}{sup -2}>-1], for finely lay-ered media having constant density; smaller positive and all negative values of {epsilon} occur for media with large fluctuations in the Lam{acute e} parameter {lambda} We show that sign({delta}) = sign (<v{sub p}{sup -2}> - <v{sub s}{sup -2}><v{sub s}{sup 2}/v{sub p}{sup 2}>) for constant density media, so {delta} can be either positive or negative. Among all theoretically possible random media, posi-tive and negative {delta} are equally likely in finely layered media limited to two types of constituent layers. Lay-ered media having large fluctuations in Lam{acute e} {lambda} are the ones most likely to have positive {delta}. Since Gassmann`s results for fluid-saturated porous media show that the effects of fluids influence only the {lambda} Lam{acute e} constant, not the shear modulus {mu}, these results suggest that positive {delta} occurring together with positive but small {epsilon} may be indicative of changing fluid content in layered earth.

This report provides a chronological history of policies and practices relating to the management of radioactive waste for which the US Atomic Energy Commission and its successor agencies, the Energy Research and Development Administration and the Department of Energy, have been responsible since the enactment of the Atomic Energy Act in 1946. The defense programs and capabilities that the Commission inherited in 1947 are briefly described. The Commission undertook a dramatic expansion nationwide of its physical facilities and program capabilities over the five years beginning in 1947. While the nuclear defense activities continued to be a major portion of the Atomic Energy Commission`s program, there was added in 1955 the Atoms for Peace program that spawned a multiplicity of peaceful use applications for nuclear energy, e.g., the civilian nuclear power program and its associated nuclear fuel cycle; a variety of industrial applications; and medical research, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. All of these nuclear programs and activities generated large volumes of radioactive waste that had to be managed in a manner that was safe for the workers, the public, and the environment. The management of these materials, which varied significantly in their physical, chemical, and radiological characteristics, involved to varying degrees …

Annual report of the U.S. Good Neighbor Environmental Board describing the organization's activities, goals, and recommendations for further development along the U.S.-Mexico border region. This report focuses on ...

The ''Cold War'' was not fought only by soldiers but by scientists and engineers in Laboratories and plants located throughout the world. With the fall of the Berlin Wall, the ''Cold War'' was effectively over, but the weapons of nuclear war remained. Following signing of START 2 (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) in 1993, up to 100 tonnes of weapons usable plutonium is expected to be declared excess by the Super Powers. Steps must be taken to address the proliferation risks associated with this plutonium. Again the scientist and engineers, who were the ''Cold War'' warriors, are being asked to develop methods to disposition this plutonium such that it can never again be used for weapons. Will we burn the plutonium in reactors or immobilize the plutonium either in a glass or ceramic matrix? Interesting challenges face chemists and chemical engineers developing immobilization techniques to render the plutonium both environmentally benign, and proliferation resistant.

This report discusses a recurring issue in environmental policy: the cost of pollution control imposed on individuals, businesses, and governments.

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This report discusses frequent traveler policies and programs related to Federal Travel.

This report provides an overview of the economic aid and capacity reduction of commercial fishing.

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A methodology for performing and applying nuclear criticality safety calculations, for PWR spent nuclear fuel (SNF) packages with actinide-only burnup credit, is described. The changes in the U-234, U-235, U-236, U-238, Pu-238, Pu-239, Pu-240, Pu-241, Pu-242, and Am-241 concentration with burnup are used in burnup credit criticality analyses. No credit for fission product neutron absorbers is taken. The methodology consists of five major steps. (1) Validate a computer code system to calculate isotopic concentrations of SNF created during burnup in the reactor core and subsequent decay. A set of chemical assay benchmarks is presented for this purpose as well as a method for assessing the calculational bias and uncertainty, and conservative correction factors for each isotope. (2) Validate a computer code system to predict the subcritical multiplication factor, k{sub eff}, of a spent nuclear fuel package. Fifty-seven UO{sub 2}, UO{sub 2}/Gd{sub 2}O{sub 3}, and UO{sub 2}/PuO{sub 2} critical experiments have been selected to cover anticipated conditions of SNF. The method uses an upper safety limit on k{sub eff} (which can be a function of the trending parameters) such that the biased k{sub eff}, when increased for the uncertainty is less than 0.95. (3) Establish bounding conditions for the isotopic concentration …

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We have obtained charge-changing cross sections and partial cross sections for fragmentation of 1.05 GeV/nucleon Fe projectiles incident on H, C, Al, Cu, and Pb nuclei. The energy region covered by this experiment is critical for an understanding of galactic cosmic ray propagation and space radiation biophysics. Surviving primary beam particles and fragments with charges from 12 to 25 produced within a forward cone of half-angle 61 milliradians were detected using a silicon detector telescope to identify their charge, and the cross sections were calculated after correction of the measured yields for finite target thickness effects. The cross sections are compared to model calculations and to previous measurements. Cross sections for the production of fragments with even-numbered nuclear charges are seen to be enhanced in almost all cases.

This reports contains how the Federal policy maker should look over several issues in the deployment of physician extender under Medicare.

A new procedure is developed for making TEM specimens of thin film devices. In this procedure the sample is flatly polished to an overall ion-mill-ready thickness so that any point in the 2-D sample pane can be thinned to an electron-transparent thickness by subsequent ion-milling. Using this procedure, small regions of interest can be easily reached in both cross-section and plan-view samples. This is especially useful in device studies. Applications of this procedure to the study of superconductor devices yield good results. This procedure, using commercially available equipment and relatively cheap materials, is simple and easy to realize.

A new 14 GHz Electron-Cyclotron-Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS) has been designed and built over the last two years. The source, which is a modification of the AECR at Berkeley, incorporates the latest results from ECR developments to produce intense beams of highly charged ions, i.e. an improved magnetic confinement of the plasma electrons. The aluminum plasma chamber and extraction electrode as well as a biased disk on axis at the microwave injection side donate additional electrons to the plasma, making use of the large secondary electron yield from aluminum oxide. The source will be capable of ECR plasma heating using two different frequencies simultaneously to increase the electron energy gain for the production of high charge states. To be able to deliver usable intensities of the heaviest ion beams, the design will also allow axial access for metal evaporation ovens and solid material samples using the plasma sputtering technique. The main design goal is to produce several e{mu}A of at least {sup 238}U{sup 34+} in order to accelerate the beam to coulomb-barrier energies without further stripping. First charge state distributions for {sup 16}0 and {sup 40}Ar have been measured.

The purpose of this manual is to provide guidance so that a request for radiological assistance is responded to in an effective and consistent manner. These procedures are specific to the trained and qualified members of the Region 8 Radiological Assistance Program (RAP) team. Procedures provide steps for responding to the request, notification and activation of the team members, position descriptions, and checklists.

The purpose of this Data Dictionary is to provide information concerning the structure and information contained in the Hanford Site Technical Baseline Database (HSTD).