This report presents the papers presented at the OTA 20th Anniversary Forum on Technology and Governance in the 1990s. The report discusses five papers presented that day.

The goal of this project was to develop techniques to provide the information needed to determine if Lower Columbia River coho salmon represent a 'species' under the Endangered Species Act. Our report features two new nuclear DNA approaches to the improved detection of genetic variation: (1) Studies of DNA-level genetic variation for two nuclear growth hormone genes; (2) Use of arbitrary DNA primers (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, or 'RAPD' primers) to detect variation at large numbers of nuclear genes. We used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify variable sections (introns) of two growth hormone genes (GH-I and G/f-Z) in several salmonid species. Coho salmon had three DNA length variants for G/-I intron C. Restriction analysis and sequencing provided valuable information about the mode of evolution of these DNA sequences. We tested segregation of the variants in captive broods of coho salmon, and demonstrated that they are alleles at a single Mendelian locus. Population studies using the GH-1 alleles showed highly significant frequency differences between Lower Columbia River and Oregon Coast coho salmon, and marginal differences among stocks within these regions. These new markers are adequately defined and tested to use in coho salmon population studies of any size. The …

The Umatilla Basin Anadromous Fish Habitat Enhancement Project is funded under the Northwest Power Planning Council's Columbia River Basin Fish and Wildlife Program Measure 704 (d) (1) 34.02 and targets the improvement of water quality and restoration of riparian areas, holding, spawning and rearing habitats of steelhead, spring and fall chinook and coho salmon. The project focused on implementing instream and riparian habitat improvements on private lands on the Umatilla Indian Reservation (hereafter referred to as Reservation) from April 1, 1988 to March 31, 1992. These efforts resulted in enhancement of the lower 1/4 mile of Boston Canyon Creek, the lower 4 river miles of Meacham Creek and 3.2 river miles of the Umatilla River (downstream of the Meacham Creek confluence upstream to the Reservation East Boundary). In 1993, the project shifted emphasis to a comprehensive watershed approach consistent with other basin efforts and began to identify upland and riparian watershed-wide causative factors impacting fisheries habitat and natural fisheries production capabilities throughout the Umatilla River Watershed. Maintenance of existing habitat improvement projects was included under this comprehensive approach. Maintenance of existing gravel traps, instream and bank stabilization structures was required within project areas during the reporting period due to spring …

Twelve weld overlay hardfacing alloys have been selected for preliminary erosion testing based on a literature review These alloys have been separated into three major groups: (1) Cobalt containing alloys, (2) Nickel-base alloys, (3) Iron base alloys. These alloys are being applied to carbon steel substrates and will undergo preliminary erosion testing to identify candidates weld overlay alloys for erosion control in CFB boilers. The candidate alloys selected from the preliminary erosion tests will then undergo more detailed evaluations in future research.

Transmission electron microscopy is applied to investigate the effect of postannealing on misfit dislocations in an In[sup 0.2]Ga[sup 0.8]As/GaAs(001) heterostructure. An orthogonal array of 60[degree] dislocations along [110] and [110] directions was observed in the interfaces of the samples grown by MBE at 520C. When the as-grown samples were annealed at temperatures ranging from 600 to 800C, the 60[degree] dislocations were gradually reoriented by dislocation reactions occurring at the 90[degree] intersections followed by nonconservative motion driven by dislocation line tension and the residual elastic misfit strain. The final result of this process was a dislocation array lying along [100] and [center dot] [010] directions. The reoriented u =<100> dislocation has a Burgers vector b = a/2 <101>, which is the same as that of 60[degree] dislocation, but the edge component of its Burgers vector in the (001) interfacial plane is larger than that of 60[degree] dislocation by a factor of [radical]2, resulting in a greater contribution to elastic strain relaxation. This nonconservative reorientation of 60[degree] dislocations to form the u=<100> dislocations represents a new strain relaxation mechanism in diamond or zinc blende semiconductor heterostructures.

Tests of non-local interference effects in the two-kaon system are proposed. The first kind of tests consists of measuring the amount of destructive interference between K[sub S] [yields] K[sub L] regeneration processes of two distant kaons. The second kind deals with constructive interference. These tests could be performed at an asymmetric [phi]-factory. Estimates are given of the number of events predicted by orthodox quantum mechanics and kaon regeneration theory in various suitable experimental conditions. The impact on local theories if the predictions of quantum mechanics hold is discussed.

The technical work during this reporting term has principally involved the continued development, optimization and improvement of freezing drying techniques for solid ceramic oxide electrolyte powder preparation, preliminary optimization of the calcining of the ceramic electrolyte freeze dried powders to allow for optimum processing to the IGR composite, and determining (initial) electrochemical properties of the stabilized ceramic solid electrolyte at a variety of temperatures in air.

This paper discusses the energy savings that could be obtained in Sweden by instituting specific standards for five appliances: Refrigerators, freezers, dishwashers, clothes washers, and clothes dryers. At the present time, Sweden has no minimum energy efficiency standards for residential appliances. This paper discusses the energy savings that could be obtained by instituting specific standards for five product types (refrigerators, freezers, dishwashers, clothes washers, and dryers) starting in 1995. A methodology similar to that used in analyses for the European Community was employed in this study. In the Swedish study, we used appliance test data developed by the Swedish consumer agency, Konsument Verket, to estimate new unit energy consumption for each product type. Shipments, saturations, energy use, and demographic data were input to a spreadsheet model that sums energy consumption for each product type over the period 1990--2010. Both a base case and a standards case scenario are simulated for each of the five appliance types. It was found that electricity use for these five products can be reduced by 12% over the time period from 1990--2010. Most of the energy savings come from instituting efficiency standards for refrigerators and freezers. For each product class type, the impact on manufacturer …

The Courant-Snyder invariants become Lyapunov functions when the [beta]-functions admit non-zero lower, and finite upper bounds. The long-term stability of motion then follows. This alternative criterion for the long-term stability of motion can be generalized to the nonlinear case. A single particle subjected to an arbitrary static magnetic field is considered in some detail, as an example.

We have exploring the possibility of measuring urinary radioactivity as an index of pancreatic lipase activity after oral administration of a new triglyceride containing a radioactive iodine-1 25-labeled fatty acid moiety. The new agent, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3[15-(p-iodophenyl)pentandecan-l-oyl]-racglycerol (1,2-Pal-3-IPPA), was prepared by the thallation-iodide displacement method. Following oral gavage of the radioiodinated triglyceride to rats, about 30% of the administered activity was excreted in 24 hours in the urine. In normal human controls an higher urinary excretion (of about 75% was observed. In this report, we describe an evaluation of the metabolites excreted in the urine and the chemical species stored in adipose from rats. The urine activity co-chromatographed with hippuric acid by TLC indicating conjugation of the IPPA metabolites. Release of the acidic components from the conjugated excretory products by acid hydrolysis of the urine provided the radioactive acidic IPPA metabolites. Analysis of the Folch extracts of fat samples from rats demonstrated that the radioactive components co-chromatographed In the triglyceride region. Recent studies in patients with compromised pancreatic exocrine function have demonstrated significantly decreased 24 hr. urinary excretion of about 25%, following oral administration of [1 -1 31]-1,2-Pal-3-IPPA. Thus, urine analysis after oral administration of [I -1 31]-1,2-Pal-3-IPPA may be a simple, …

Heating and cooling energy lost through windows in the residential sector (estimated at two-thirds of the energy lost through windows in all sectors) currently accounts for 3 percent (or 2.8 quads) of total US energy use, costing over $26 billion annually in energy bills. Installation of energy-efficient windows is acting to reduce the amount of energy lost per unit window area. Installation of more energy efficient windows since 1970 has resulted in an annual savings of approximately 0.6 quads. If all windows utilized existing cost effective energy conserving technologies, then residential window energy losses would amount to less than 0.8 quads, directly saving $18 billion per year in avoided energy costs. The nationwide installation of windows that are now being developed could actually turn this energy loss into a net energy gain. Considering only natural replacement of windows and new construction, appropriate fenestration policies could help realize this potential by reducing annual residential window energy losses to 2.2 quids by the year 2012, despite a growing housing stock.

Effect of heat treatments and quenching with no change in oxygen content was studied for a polycrystalline sample of YBCO. Quenching the sample changes the specific heat and resistivity, showing that nonsuperconducting regions, some of which are not associated with Cu[sup 2+] moments, can be created in YBCO by heat treatment alone.

Current drive during second harmonic, electron cyclotron heating experiments performed on the T-10 tokamak have been simulated with the ONETWO transport code to determine the effects of induction on the time evolution of the loop voltage and current density profile. Ray tracing shows the well focused rf power can generate centrally peaked current densities which exceed the Ohmic current densities by a factor of five, causing very peaked plasma current profiles which will be unable to sawteeth. A Kadomtsev model of the sawtooth shows that a limit cycle is quickly reached which maintains a broad current profile and requires generation of a negative dc component of the loop voltage localized near the magnetic axis. This negative electric field effectively drive efficiency. A broader profile of driven current, as in the fundamental current drive experiment on T-10, would not suffer this effect.

A measurement of the nucleon spin asymmetries from deep inelastic scattering of polarized electrons by polarized [sup 3]He has been performed. The neutron spin structure function g[sub 1][sup n] is extracted and used to test the Bjorken sum rule. The neutron integral assuming a simple Regge theory extrapolation at low x is [integral][sub 0][sup 1]g[sub 1][sup n](x)dx = [minus]0.022 [plus minus] 0.011. Combined with the EMC proton results, the Bjorken sum rule predicts a neutron integral of [integral][sub 0][sup 1]g[sub 1][sup n](x)dx = [minus]0.065 [plus minus] 0.018.

The 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act have spurred the development of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes, several of which produce a dry, solid by-product material consisting of excess sorbent, reaction products containing sulfates and sulfites, and coal fly ash. Presently FGD by-product materials are treated as solid wastes and must be landfilled. However, landfill sites are becoming more scarce and tipping fees are constantly increasing. It is, therefore, highly desirable to find beneficial reuses for these materials provided the environmental impacts are minimal and socially acceptable. Phase 1 results of a 4 and 1/2 year study to demonstrate large volume beneficial uses of FGD by-products are reported. The purpose of the Phase 1 portion of the project was to characterize the chemical, physical, mineralogical and engineering properties of the FGD by-product materials obtained from various FGD technologies being developed in the state of Ohio. Phase 1 also involved the collection of baseline economic data related to the beneficial reuse of these FGD materials. A total of 58 samples were collected and analyzed. In summary Phase 1 results revealed that FGD by-product materials are essentially coal fly ash materials diluted with unreacted sorbent and reaction products. High volume beneficial …

This paper describes a genetic algorithm application to the DNA fragment assembly problems. The genetic algorithm uses a random key representation for representing the orderings of fragments. Two different fitness functions, both based on pairwise overlap strengths between fragments, were tested. The paper concludes that the genetic algorithm is a promising method for fragment assembly problems, achieving usable solutions quickly, but that the current fitness functions are flawed and that other representations might be more appropriate.

The objectives of this secondary oil recovery project involving the Carter sandstone in northwest Alabama are: (1) To increase the ultimate economic recovery of oil from the Carter reservoirs, thereby increasing domestic reserves and lessening US dependence on foreign oil; (2) To extensively model, test, and monitor the reservoirs so their management is optimized; and (3) To assimilate and transfer the information and results gathered to other US oil companies to encourage them to attempt similar projects. Start-up water injection began on 0 1/12/93 at the Central Bluff Field, and daily operations began on 01/13/93. These operations include monitoring wellhead pressures at the injector and two producers, and injection water treatment. Water injection was running 200-300 bbl/day at the end of February. Once the unit is pressured-up well testing will be performed. Unitization was approved on 03/01/93.b. For the North Fairview Field correlations and log analyses were used to determine the fluid and rock properties. A summary of these properties is included in Table 1. The results of the log analysis were used to construct the hydrocarbon pore volume map shown on Figure 1. The map was planimetered to determine original oil-in-place (OOIP) values and the hydrocarbon pore volume by …

In this article, we discuss fundamentals of the spectrum analysis in beam diagnostics, where several important particle motions in a circular accelerator are considered. The properties of the Fourier transform are presented. Then the coasting and the bunched beam motion in both longitudinal and transverse are studied. The discussions are separated for the signal particle, multiple particle, and the Schottky noise cases. To demonstrate the interesting properties of the beam motion spectrum, time domain functions are generated, and then the associated spectra are calculated and plotted. In order to show the whole picture in a single plot, some data have been scaled, therefore they may not be realistic in an accelerator.

Laboratory combustor studies were conducted at Battelle in the fall of 1992 to evaluate sampling methods and analysis techniques for air toxics generated by buming pulverized coal. These experiments were described in the fifth quarterly progress report. In this report results from additional analyses of samples are reported. Results are shown in Tables 1--8 for analysis of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAH), oxygenated PAH (oxy-PAH), hydroxy-nitro-aromatic compounds (OH-NO2-AR/PAH), and PAH derivatives containing sulfur (PASH) and nitrogen (PANH). In the tables the two fning rates refer to the rate at which coal was fired in the laboratory fumace. The high firing rate was 5.7 g/s (45 lbs/hr), and the low firing rate was 5.3 g/s. The first letter in the sample identification refers to high (H) or low (L) coal firing rate. The second letter refers to either the hot flue samples (H) or samples collected with a Plume Simulating Dilution Sampler (D). The third letter refers to the particle size range. Size range A was about 3.3-7.1 [mu]m. Size range B was about 0.87-3.3 Jim. Size range C was less than 0.87-3.3[mu]m. Size range C was less than 0.87[mu]m. The nitro-PAH data from the hot flue and PSDS vapor and particle …

Synthesis and testing was begun on a number of new classes of lubricants: perfluoropolyethers (branching effects), perfluoromethylene oxide ethers, chlorine-substituted fluorocarbon polyethers, fluorine-containing branched ether lubricants, glycerine- based perfluoropolyesters, perfluoro epoxy ether chains, etc.

The results of the multiple independent parallel reaction (MIPR) kinetics model are reported and discussed. The MIPR model's results agree well with the data. The effects of holding temperature, heating rate, and coal type on plasticity are displayed by the model. However, the model does not address the secondary reactions forming higher molecular weight liquid hypothesized to be responsible for the initial rise in viscosity during solidification. The average standard error of estimates for the plastic period and maximum plasticity are 0.13 s and 317 Pa-s, respectively. These values are comparable to the measurement resolution of the plastometer (0.1 s and [plus minus] 200 Pa[center dot]s).

The suitability of open-profile CSCs for the GEM muon system was evaluated by constructing a small (0.5 m [times] 1.0 m) prototype and testing it with cosmic ray muons. The measured spatial resolution surpassed the GEM requirement of 75 [mu]m. The test results were compared with Monte Carlo simulations; good agreement was found. Studies of the timing properties of the prototype have been started.

Work on ICRF interaction with the edge plasma is reported. ICRF generated convective cells have been established as an important mechanism for influencing edge transport and interaction with the H-mode, and for controlling profiles in the tokamak scrape-off-layer. Power dissipation by rf sheaths has been shown to be significant for some misaligned ICRF and IIBW antenna systems. Near-field antenna sheath work has been extended to the far-field case, important for experiments with low single pass absorption. Impurity modeling and Faraday screen design support has been provided for the ICRF community. In the area of core-ICRF physics, the kinetic theory of heating by applied ICRF waves has been extended to retain important geometrical effects relevant to modeling minority heated tokamak plasmas, thereby improving on the physics base that is standard in presently employed codes. Both the quasilinear theory of ion heating, and the plasma response function important in wave codes have been addressed. In separate studies, it has been shown that highly anisotropic minority heated plasmas can give rise to unstable field fluctuations in some situations. A completely separate series of studies have contributed to the understanding of tokamak confinement physics. Additionally, a diffraction formalism has been produced which will be …

During the past year on Task A, the HELIOS work drew to a close with first results from the electron-muon pair studies (no anomalous sources are seen, and the final results and uncertainties are being set). First data from CMD2 will allow improvement of some phi branching ratios, including some improved limits on forbidden decays. The engineering run for E865 is scheduled for June and July of 1993. The principal efforts of Task B, the Fermilab program, have been the completion of the analysis of the 1987--88 data with resulting publications, completion of the 1990--91 data run, and the beginning of the analysis of the 1990--91 data. In addition, the Task B group is taking a leadership role in developing a proposal to Fermilab for the upgrade of the CDF silicon vertex detector in preparation for the 1995 data run. Task C has recently submitted results of its fractionally charged particle searches, placing new upper limits on the abundance of naturally-occurring fractionally-charged particles in various materials. This group has recently been approved by the Brookhaven management for an exposure of their p-i-n diodes in a high intensity proton beam. This measurement, along with its subsequent analysis, will complete the program. …