Solar thermal electric power generation systems and industrial process heat systems generating steam through flash vaporization require a constant outlet temperature from the collector field. This constant temperature is most efficiently maintained by adjusting the circulating fluid flow rate. Successful design of analog controllers for this regulation requires knowledge of system dynamics and the nonlinear nature of the system parameters. Simplified models relating deviations in outlet temperature to changes in inlet temperature, insolation, and fluid flow rate illustrate the basic responses and the distributed-parameter nature of line focus collectors. Detailed models are used to develop transfer functions and frequency response curves useful for design.

A detailed study of angular distributions arising from D{anti D}, D* anti D} , and D*{anti D}* production at {radical}s= 4.028 GeV is made, including the subsequent decays D*{yields}D{pi} and D* {yields} D{gamma}. The production amplitudes are unique except for the D*{anti D}* case, where there are two p-wave amplitudes (S = 0, 2) and one small f-wave amplitude (S = 2). It is shown that observations of the angular distributions and correlations of the {pi}{sup 0}'s and {gamma}'s from the D* {yields} D{pi}{sup 0} and D* {yields} D{gamma} decays provide an effective way of measuring the p-wave amplitudes. These amplitudes are a reflection of the underlying hadronic interactions among the charmed and uncharmed quarks.

The construction of an apparatus designed to detect stable fractional charges on matter, if they exist, to the level of 10/sup -24/ per nucleon is reported and discussed. The charges on a stream of highly consistent droplets produced by the apparatus are determined by accurate measurement of the deflection of the droplets in falling through a static electric field. Maintenance of certain parameters of operation calculated to limit the random effects of electrical and aerodynamical disturbances on the droplets indicate a precision in the measurement of the charge on a droplet of 0.02e can be attained. 7 figures.

This program is concerned with nickel/solder metallization of silicon solar cells. Work in this second quarter of the program extension comprised portions of four experimental tasks. The task to study nickel plating on silicon oxide films has led to the finding that the plating solution dissolves oxide before depositing nickel. The electron microprobe study of nickel penetration of silicon has shown that sintering can be conducted for long times at 300/sup 0/C but that problems may arise above this temperature, even though there is no significant penetration of nickel into silicon below about 450/sup 0/C. Measurements on cells fabricated using plating times in the four to fourteen minute range indicate no degradation of cell properties as a result of contact with the plating solution in this time range, but do show evidence of poor contact quality if the nickel plate is either too thick or too thin. The task to assess the Motorola plating process is in its early stages, but it is evident that the process is a very complex and time consuming one.

Ascorbic acid, at nontoxic concentrations, causes a substantial reduction in the ability of avian tumor viruses to replicate in both primary avian tendon cells and chicken embryo fibroblasts. The virus-infected cultures appear to be less transformed in the presence of ascorbic acid by the criteria of morphology, reduced glucose uptake, and increased collagen synthesis. The vitamin does not act by altering the susceptibility of the cells to initial infection and transformation, but instead appears to interfere with the spread of infection through a reduction in virus replication and virus infectivity. The effect is reversible and requires the continuous presence of the vitamin in the culture medium.

Intense beams of multi-GeV high atomic weight ions are being actively investigated as possible ignitors for pellet fusion reactors. Beam transport models were developed for the final focussing of these beams in the reactor chamber, and investigated the role of microinstabilities, filamentation, conductivity, multiple scattering, and knockon electrons. Two propagation windows exist, namely the vacuum window at pressures below about 10/sup -3/ - 10/sup -4/ torr and a window around 1 torr. The 1 torr window (which is desirable from a reactor viewpoint) became less certain this year due to our discovery of the major role played by knock-on electrons which are sufficiently numerous to produce a reversed (ion-defocussing) magnetic field ahead of the ion pulse. Unless most of the knock-on current is wiped out by self-fields, this effect appears to eliminate use of self-pinched ion beams, and may degrade ballistic mode spot sizes as well. Intermediate energy knock-on electrons (0.3 less than or equal to v/sub z//V/sub b/ less than or equal to 1) may also dominate the electrical conductvity in the ion pulse, and will influence micro-instability and filamentation calculations.

The recommendations of the panel towards the TMX and MFTF experiments and future construction are outlined. (MOW)

A study was made to assess the possibility of a vapor explosion in a liquid-fed glass melter and during off-standard conditions for other vitrification processes. The glass melter considered is one designed for the vitrification of high-level nuclear wastes and is comprised of a ceramic-lined cavity with electrodes for joule heating and processing equipment required to add feed and withdraw glass. Vapor explosions needed to be considered because experience in other industrial processes has shown that violent interactions can occur if a hot liquid is mixed with a cooler, vaporizable liquid. Available experimental evidence and theoretical analyses indicate that destructive glass/water interactions are low probability events, if they are possible at all. Under standard conditions, aspects of liquid-fed melter operation which work against explosive interactions include: (1) the aqueous feed is near its boiling point; (2) the feed contains high concentrations of suspended particles; (3) molten glass has high viscosity (greater than 20 poise); and (4) the glass solidifies before film boiling can collapse. While it was concluded that vapor explosions are not expected in a liquid-fed melter, available information does not allow them to be ruled out altogether. Several precautionary measures which are easily incorporated into melter operation procedures …

The solution for electrostatic potential within a simply modeled tandem mirror thermal barrier is seen to exhibit a sheath at each edge of the cell. The formation of the sheath requires ion collisionality and the analysis assmes that the collisional trapping rate into the barrier is considerably slower than the barrier pump rate.

This report addresses the technical progress for the Basalt Waste Isolation Project for the second quarter of fiscal year 1980. Seismic design values were developed for preliminary repository design purposes; 0.25 g horizontal and 0.125 g vertical maximum accelerations for surface, zero-period conditions. Preliminary seismic data indicate broad, smooth areas exist in the bedrock surface in the western portion of the Cold Creek syncline and a gently undulating bedrock surface in the eastern portion. Test results indicate hydraulic property values fall within the range previously reported for sedimentary and interflow zones in basalt formations at the Hanford Site. Preliminary results of available hydrochemical data obtained from several borehole sites indicate that little, if any, vertical mixing of groundwaters is taking place across this stratigraphic boundary. Multiple barrier studies indicate that the primary candidate canister/overpack alloys are TiCode-12, Inconel 625, Incoloy 825, and Zircaloy 2. Low-carbon steel and cast iron are among the list of secondary candidate canister alloys. Laboratory tests of borehole plug designs have shown that it is feasible to design a composite plug system that will satisfactorily seal a nuclear waste repository in Columbia River basalt. The National Lead Industries, Inc., NLI-1/2 Universal Spent Fuel Shipping Cask was …

WIPP 30 was drilled in east-central Eddy County, New Mexico, in NW 1/4, Sec. 33, T21S, R31E, to obtain drill core for the study of dissolution of near-surface rocks. The borehole encountered from top to bottom, the Dewey Lake Red Beds (449' including artificial fill for drill pad), Rustler Formation (299'), and the upper 160' of the Salado Formation. Continuous core was cut from the surface to total depth. Geophysical logs were taken the full length of the borehole to measure acoustic velocities, density, and distribution of potassium and other radioactive elements. Information from this borehole will be included in an interpretive report on dissolution in Nash Draw based on combined borehole data, surface mapping and laboratory analyses of rocks and fluids. The WIPP is to demonstrate (through limited operations) disposal technology for transuranic defense wastes and to then be converted to a repository. The WIPP will also provide research facilities for interactions between high-level waste and salt. Administration policy as of February 1980 is to hold the WIPP site in reserve until the first disposal site can be chosen from several potential sites, including the WIPP.

It has been proposed to install approximately 35,000 square feet of linear parabolic trough collectors on the roof of a corrugator plant. The collectors are to collect 5500 lbs/hr of steam to drive the corrugator. Each of the subsystems are described, and for each subsystem the possible safety hazards are identified, and recommendations are made to either eliminate or control the hazards at an acceptable level. Specific systems discussed are the master control system and data aquisition system, the collector, and heat transfer system. Fire safety, protection of personnel from burns and eye injury, and lightning protection are discussed. (LEW)

The bearing-pack shaft investigation was conducted to analyze bending and cycle fatigue stresses and resonance. The bending stresses produced were considered to be minimal, and the cycle fatigue stress was less than the material's endurance level. Resonating frequencies were estimated to be sufficiently high to preclude problems.

The Bi-Radiant Oven system has three important features which provide improved performance. First, the cavity walls are highly reflective rather than absorptive thereby allowing these surfaces to operate at cooler temperatures. Second, the heating elements, similar in construction to those in a conventional oven, but operating at much lower temperatures, provide a prescribed, balanced radiant flux to the top and bottom surfaces of the food product. And third, the baking and roasting utensil has a highly absorptive finish. Instrumentation and methods of measurements have been developed for obtaining the important oven and food parameters during baking: wall, oven air, food and element temperatures; food mass loss rate; irradiance distribution; and convection heat flux. Observations on an experimental oven are presented and discussed. Thermal models relating the irradiance distribution to oven parameters have been compared with measurements using a new heat flux gage developed for the project. Using the DOE recommended test procedures, oven efficiencies of 20 to 23% have been measured. The heating requirements have been determined for seven food types: biscuits, meat loaf, baked foods, apple crisp, cornbread, macaroni and cheese casserole, and cheese souffle. Comparison of energy use with a conventional electric oven shows that energy savings greater …

Recent reports have demonstrated the possibility of employing photoactive, biological membrane components in photoelectrochemical cells. Present studies in our laboratories have led to the attachment of a much simpler biological complex, the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center isolated from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, directly onto a SnO/sub 2/ semiconductor electrode. Light-induced photovoltages (70mV) and photocurrents (0.5 ..mu..A/cm/sup 2/) not attributable to Dember effects have been observed in photoelectrochemical cells employing reaction-center-coated, SnO/sub 2/ working electrodes. Such reaction-center electrodes may serve as model systems for future organic photovoltaic devices.

To establish an effective biotechnology of biomass processing for the production of fuels and chemicals, an integration of research in biochemical engineering, microbial genetics, and biochemistry is required. Reduction of the costs of producing chemicals and fuels from renewable resources will hinge on extensive research in biochemical engineering.

A systematic comparison between the CdS grain size determined by Transmission Electron Microscopy and by Scanning Electron Microscopy of etched surfaces is being carried out. It is found that the etching technique gives a good estimate of the true grain size. Discontinuities in the Cu/sub 2/S film produced by solution reaction have been studied by TEM after stripping from the CdS substrate. The various types of Cu/sub 2/S intrusions which can arise have been examined using SEM for material produced by the solid state and solution reaction. Large point to point variations in Cu/sub 2/S thickness have been observed. Difficulties have been encountered in preparing thin films of Cu/sub 2/S on transparent substrates preventing the initiation of direct studies of Cu/sub 2/S oxidation kinetics. Towards the end of the reporting period some progress towards a satisfactory Cu/sub 2/S film was achieved. An analysis of copper diffusion into the CdS has been carried out, taking into account the actual morphology of the Cu/sub 2/S layer on the free surface and the grain boundary penetrations. Cells have been maintained under continuous illumination at open circuit voltage and in one case a high degree of stability has been observed.

During the 1970s a number of different exploration and production incentive programs were put in place in Canada, in particular in the Province of Alberta, Canada's principal oil- and gas-producing province. The DOE/RA is evaluating Canadian incentives for oil and gas exploration, and this study is intended to provide information that will help guide DOE/RA in determining the applicability of Canadian incentive programs in US energy policy. The study describes and documents the fiscal structure in which the Canadian oil industry operates. The incentive features of pricing policy, taxation policy, and provincial royalty systems are discussed. A principal focus of the study is on one of the most important of Canada's specific incentive programs, the Alberta Exploratory Drilling Incentive Credit Program (EDICP). The study describes and evaluates the effect of the EDICP on increased oil and gas exploration activity. Similarly, the study also reviews and evaluates other specific incentive programs such as the Alberta Geophysical Incentive Program, Frontier Exploration Allowances, and various tar sand and heavy oil development incentives. Finally the study evaluates the applicability of Canadian incentives to US energy policy.

Research on the global carbon cycle and the effects of increased carbon dioxide on the global climate system is reported. Environmental and societal effects related to CO/sub 2/ and environmental control technology for CO/sub 2/ are also discussed. Lists of research projects and reports and publications of the Carbon Dioxide and Climate Research Program are included. An expanded CO/sub 2/ monitoring network is providing increased coverage for interpretation of patterns of sources and sinks seasonal variability, and documentation of the global growth of CO/sub 2/. Modeling studies emphasized that knowledge of the transport and mixing of surface ocean waters is important in understanding deep oceanic circulation. Initial studies in the equatorial Pacific are helping quantify estimates of the amount of outgassing CO/sub 2/ from tropical waters. During fiscal year 1979, there was a substantial increase in appreciation of the role of the ocean in controlling not only atmospheric CO/sub 2/ concentrations but also the climatic response to changes in concentration. Model simulations of the effect of doubled CO/sub 2/ concentration carried out with fixed ocean temperatures a situation that is possible during perhaps the next 20 years, showed relatively small summer heating over land areas. On the other hand, simulations …

Carbon transport data from a bimetallic sodium loop simulating the intermediate heat transport system of a Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor are discussed. The results of bulk carbon analyses after 15,000 hours' exposure indicate a pattern of carburization of Type 304 stainless steel foils which is independent of loop sodium temperature. A model based on carbon activity gradients accounting for this behavior is proposed. Data also indicate that carburization of Type 304 stainless steel is a diffusion-controlled process; however, decarburization of the ferritic 2 1/4 Cr-1Mo steel is not. It is proposed that the decarburization of the ferritic steel is controlled by the dissolution of carbides in the steel matrix. The differences in the sodium decarburization behavior of electroslag remelted and vacuum-arc remelted 2 1/4 Cr-1Mo steel are also highlighted.

Catalysts are being screened to steam reform hydrocarbons in an autothermal reformer (STR). Twenty-one samples have been screened in a 1-in.-diam (ATR) reactor using No. 2 oil as the hydrocarbon feed. A series of platinum-rhodium catalysts were evaluated to study the effect of varying compositions. A sample containing 1.7% Pt/0.3% Rh was most active but the difference among the samples was within the range of test variability. Development of a more realistic test has been started. The effect of O/sub 2//C level on the gas composition leaving the catalytic partial oxidation section has been determined. The amount of unreacted oil increases as O/sub 2//C level decreases. The unreacted oil is more aromatic than the feedstock. The gas composition contains considerably more olefins as the O/sub 2//C level decreases. Post-run catalyst characterization indicates that the catalyst carrier does not deteriorate in the ATR test. A drastic decrease in CO chemisorption is noted on the Pt/Rh samples. This decline in CO chemisorption could either be due to metal sintering or to carbon deposition on the metal. Other analysis are required to determine which is causing the decline in CO chemisorption. Very low coke levels were found on Pt, Rh, and Pt/Rh samples. …

Low temperature containment vessels of 9% Ni are normally fabricated using the shielded metal arc (S.M.A.W.) or the gas metal arc (G.M.A.W.) welding processes. Available filler metals compatible with these processes are highly alloyed austenitics, whose strength levels undermatch those of the base plate. A more efficient weld joint would be a low alloy ferritic deposit. Although acceptable matching ferritic gas tungsten arc weld (G.T.A.W.) wires have been developed, similar progress has not been made in the area of ferritic G.M.A. weld wires. Most of the prior work in this area has focused on correlating composition with mechanical properties, without a corresponding evaluation of resultant microstructure. The study presented focused on establishing correlations between chemistry, microstructure and mechanical properties for four different ferritic G.M.A. weld deposits in 9% Ni steel, with the purpose of developing a better understanding of the factors controlling the 77K (-196/sup 0/C) toughness behavior of these weld metals. Microstructural characterization was carried out using standard optical and scanning electron microscopes, as well as a variety of advanced analytical techniques, including transmission electron microscopy (T.E.M.), scanning T.E.M., Moessbauer spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy.

Purpose of the apparatus is to investigate the stability of several candidate radwaste forms under simulated deep geological disposal. (DLC)

Yang-Mills theories admitting a charge conjugation, C, which reflects the representation of left-handed fermions f/sub L/ onto themselves, are reviewed with particular attention to flavor chiral theories, where f/sub L/ is non-self-conjugate. Simple cases of the fermion mass matrices in SO/sub 10/ and E/sub 6/ are studied, and it is observed that the weak isospin (I/sup w/)-conserving part of the mass can be classified into its C-conserving and C-violating pieces. If the left-handed fermions are assigned to families of 16's of SO/sub 10/ or 27's of E/sub 6/, then the hypothesis that the I/sup w/ invariant mass violates C maximally, with the C-conserving part put to zero, gives a simple explanation of the low-mass 5-bar + 10 bar structure of the families.