Radiation shielding is a key subsystem in tokamak reactors. Design of this shield must evolve from economic and technological trade-off studies that account for the strong interrelations among the various components of the reactor system. These trade-offs are examined for the bulk shield on the inner side of the torus and for the special shields of major penetrations. Results derived are applicable for a large class of tokamak-type reactors.

Fluids from various formations were sampled and analyzed in order to characterize groundwaters in the Delaware Basin. Waters were analyzed for solute content and/or stable isotope ratios (D/H and /sup 18/O//sup 16/O). Three lines of geochemical arguments are summarized, in order to present the natures and probable origins of analyzed fluids: solute chemistry, thermodynamic modelling of low-temperature aqueous species, and stable isotope ratios. (JGB)

Two ''plugs'' of dense plasma at either end of a central solenoid cell form the basis of a new mirror fusion power plant concept. A central cell blanket design is presented. Modules on crawler tracks serviced by remote welding and handling machines of very simple design are important features resulting from linear axisymmetric geometry. Three blanket designs are considered and the best one presented in some detail. It has lithium as the breeder material, helium cooled. ''Plug'' magnet field strengths must be high. A novel magnet is presented to satisfy the physics of the end plugs. Beam sources at 1,200 KV present special problems. Methods of voltage standoff, arc damage control, and neutralization are discussed. New secondary containment ideas are presented to allow removable roof sections of balanced design.

A computer-assisted chemical modeling study of equilibria in flowing brine systems has been undertaken. Equilibria between liquid and volatile components of two-phase fluids have profound effects on such important phenomena as corrosion, scale formation, environmental quality, and the economics of energy extraction. The principal reactions considered are those involving volatiles naturally present in the fluid, including NH/sub 3/, H/sub 2/S and CO/sub 2/. A computer code is described which performs stepwise equilibrium computations at 1/sup 0/C intervals for a unit mass of fluid, between reservoir and reinjection temperatures. The data base used is the quality-temperature function for the brine, the chemical composition, and equilibrium constants for the solubility reactions of gases and dissociation of their aqueous species. Chemical changes that take place during cooling and expansion are illustrated by distribution diagrams. Although the computations were developed for application to the high-saline resource, they are not fluid or system-specific, and should be of general usefulness where a chemical composition and temperature history can be specified.

Several general approaches to remote servicing are briefly described for the LLL Field Reversed Mirror and Tandem Mirror Fusion reactors. Remote servicing system design considerations for the blanket module are briefly discussed. (RME)

Three magnetic confinement concepts, based on the mirror principle, are described. These mirror concepts are summarized as follows: (1) fusion-fission hybrid reactor, (2) tandem mirror reactor, and (3) reversed field mirror reactor. (MOW)

It is shown that steady-state density profiles at the critical density may be divided into three categories, depending on the plasma outflow velocity relative to the critical surface. Flows which are sufficiently subsonic produce ordinary profile-steepening. Velocities which are sufficiently supersonic result in a shock-like compression near the critical surface. A range of intermediate flow velocities has no solutions for a steady-state profile.

Information on the use of a 300 to 400 MW(t) PWR type reactor for industrial applications is presented concerning the potential market, reliability considerations, reactor plant description, construction techniques, comparison between nuclear and fossil-fired process steam costs, alternative fossil-fired steam supplies, and industrial application.

Two types of MOS detector arrays were used to sense directly patterns of soft x-rays, in the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory experimental laser-fusion program. A linear self-scanning photodiode array (SSPA) is used in a wave-length-dispersive spectrometer. A frame transfer charge-coupled device (CCD) facilitates the use of an x-ray microscope. Measurements and calculations of the x-ray sensitivity of these devices are presented. Their linearity and dynamic range are discussed, as well as data recovery systems for each detector. Experiences in using these devices to detect pulses of x-rays in laser-fusion experiments are described.

The continuum ..gamma..-ray spectrum following neutron emission in a (HI,xn) reaction consists of a high-energy tail, the statistical cascade, and a lower-energy bump, the yrast cascade, which contains most of the intensity and consists mostly of stretched E2 transitions. Thus, a good approximation to the average angular momentum carried by the ..gamma..-rays is 2N/sub ..gamma../-bar. Under favourable conditions, effective moments of inertia can be deduced for states up to the top of the ..gamma..-ray cascade. The maximum angular momentum in the cascades is probably limited by ..cap alpha..-emission for nuclei with A < 150 and by fission for those with A > 150. 17 figures.

None

Thermophysical data are presented for liquid niobium up to approximately 6000/sup 0/K and for liquid lead up to approximately 5000/sup 0/K. These new results are summarized along with previously obtained high temperature data for liquid molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and uranium.

A number of candidate turbine materials are being evaluated for their resistance to erosion, corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in geothermal brines. These materials include Fe-, Ni-, Co and Ti-base alloys, coatings and ceramics. Tapered wearblades, simulating the leading edge of a turbine blade, are exposed to the direct impact of a two-phase nozzle exhaust. Bent beam SCC specimens, which are constrained in fixtures attached to the wearblade holders, are also exposed to this exhaust. Results of a test series are reported in which acidified liquid brine was expanded to atmospheric pressure are reported. The tests were performed at the LLL Field Test Station near Niland in the Salton Sea Geothermal Field. Evaluation of the exposed materials indicates that Ti-base alloys show the most promise for turbine wheel components in the high salinity geothermal environments.

The fluxes of protons emitted during solar flares since 1956 were evaluated. The depth-versus-activity profiles of /sup 56/Co in several lunar rocks are consistent with the solar-proton fluxes detected by experiments on several satellites. Only about 20% of the solar-proton-induced activities of /sup 22/Na and /sup 55/Fe in lunar rocks from early Apollo missions were produced by protons emitted from the sun during solar cycle 20 (1965--1975). The depth-versus-activity data for these radionuclides in several lunar rocks were used to determine the fluxes of protons during solar cycle 19 (1954--1964). The average proton fluxes for cycle 19 are about five times those for both the last million years and for cycle 20. These solar-proton flux variations correlate with changes in sunspot activity.

The LLL developed electronic pressure meter (EPMT) is a portable static-pressure calibration instrument for use with the LLL telemetry transducer system at the Nevada Test Site (NTS). It is significantly more accurate and rugged than the bourdon-tube pressure gauge it replaces, and can be incorporated into a field-use, semi-automatic, pressure calibration system. The process by which a transducer is selected for EPMT use from the inventory of field-service-certified transducers and subjected to an extensive preconditioning and calibration procedure is described. By combining this unusual calibration procedure with a unique, statistically based data-reduction routine, the total uncertainty of the measuring process at each calibration point can be determined with high accuracy.

An investigation of the single photoelectron and multi-photoelectron transit time-spread performance of prototype photomultipliers using curved high-gain microchannel plates for electron multiplication and proximity focusing for the input and collector stages is reported. A microchannel plate consists of a closely packed two dimensional array of very small diameter, short channel-electron multipliers. Each single channel electron multiplier is a continuous glass tube whose inside surface has a high resistance semiconducting coating used a a secondary electron-emitting surface. Measurement of the transit time spreads of the HR350 and HR400 photomultipliers (made by the Laboratories d'Electronique et the Physique Appliquee) using a specially developed very high resolution measuring system are described. The experimental data are compared with results obtained on conventional fast photomultipliers. (WHK)

The response of a liquid-dominated geothermal reservoir to injection and production from a single well is studied. Different injection-production schemes are analyzed to explore how to minimize temporary cooling around the injection well and to optimize thermal recovery. The pressure response is also calculated, and found to be affected significantly by temperature-dependent viscosity variations. This will have implications on well-test methods for geothermal reservoirs. Vertical consolidation of the geothermal system during fluid withdrawal is also discussed, showing the need to establish previous stress history before attempting to predict the reservoir deformation. The transport of heat and fluid through a porous reservoir is computed using a numerical model. The one-dimensional consolidation theory of Terzaghi has been coupled to the heat and fluid flow to calculate reservoir compaction. No attempt is made of model chemical reactions or precipitation that might occur when waters of a different temperature and salinity are injected into the reservoir.

The cross sections for the production of W/sup +-/ and W/sup 0/ in the high energy pp and anti pp collisions and distributions of their decay products are calculated. The W productions are abundant (sigma/sub W/ approximately 10/sup -33/ cm/sup 2/) for s/m/sup 2//sub W/ greater than or equal to 10. The distributions of leptons from the W decay have pronounced peak structures. Sucn structures stand well above background and do not get smeared away by the transverse motion of the W, estimated from a reasonable extrapolation of the present knowledge. Thus, they provide a clear signature for the W. Due to the well understood maximal-parity-violation effect in weak interactions mediated by W/sup +-/, the Drell-Yan model predicts that the W/sup +-/ will be produced polarized and their leptonic decay products will have very interesting characteristics. It is foreseeable that the still uncertain parity-violation property of the W/sup 0/ can be determined in such experiments. The detectability of the hadronic jets from the W's depends crucially on the background from strong interactions.

The feasibility of using concrete polymer composites as materials of construction for handling hot brine was demonstrated in 1972. The results from these tests indicated that the composites had long-term stability in seawater at 177/sup 0/C and in acid solutions. Since then the work has been extended to develop materials for use in geothermal systems. To date, high temperature polymer concrete systems have been formulated, and laboratory and field tests performed in brine, flashing brine, and steam at temperatures up to 240/sup 0/C. Results are available from field exposures of up to 12 months in four geothermal environments. Testing at two other sites is in progress. Good durability is indicated. Based upon these results, potential applications in geothermal processes have been identified.

A method is described how a quantitative measure for the robustness of a given neutron transport theory code for coarse network calculations can be obtained. A code that performs this task automatically and at only nominal cost is described. This code also generates user-oriented benchmark problems which exhibit the analytic behavior at interfaces. 5 figures, 1 table.

Charmed meson production through two body processes in e/sup +/e/sup -/ annihilation is discussed. Evidence for states of charm excitation beyond the D* is obtained through an analysis of the recoil spectrum against D's produced at Ecm = 4.415 GeV. Direct observation of the reaction D*/sup +/ ..-->.. ..pi../sup +/D/sup 0/ in SPEAR data taken at Ecm exceeding 5 GeV is discussed. This reaction provides an extremely accurate determination of the D*/sup +/, D/sup 0/ mass difference (M/sub D*/sup +// -- M/sub D/sup 0// = 145.3 +- 0.5 MeV/c/sup 2/) and a new upper limit on D/sup 0/ -- anti D/sup 0/ mixing effects. The results of fits to the D/sup 0/, D/sup +/ recoil spectrum are discussed. These fits provide considerable information on the masses, production mechanisms, and decays of charmed mesons. This is followed by a brief presentation of the known cross sections for charmed meson production and decay and an analysis of possible resonant structure in the decay products of the D/sup 0/ and D/sup +/. Lastly, a bubble chamber D/sup 0/ candidate submitted by Hagopian et al., of Florida State University is discussed.

Most of the plutonium entering aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems of the United States originates from nuclear weapons testing and from the burnup of the SNAP-9A satellite power source (Hanson 1975). But in the future, local ecosystems may receive small quantities of Pu released from nuclear facilities such as those at Oak Ridge, Los Alamos and other sites. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the distribution of Pu in two contaminated ecosystems which are representative of humid and semi-arid environments of the United States. Results summarized in terms of inventories for the respective ecosystems several decades after initial contamination are used to anticipate the longer term (i.e., decades or centuries) behavior of Pu in the environment. One important question is whether the availability of this element to plants and other organisms will change after it is subjected to weathering and ecological processes of the environment. It is pointed out that potential radiological toxicity and long physical half-lives of Pu dictate that its behavior in ecosystems be understood.

The conceptual design of fusion reactors and fusion-fission hybrid reactors brings into focus a large number of problems dealing with the interaction of 14-MeV neutrons with materials to be used in the design of the different components of the reactor. These components include the first wall, the blanket, the magnets and the shielding system. The accuracy of the design calculations can be assured, providing the transport codes correctly describe the interaction of 14-MeV neutrons with these materials. As part of the Pulsed Sphere Program at Livermore, measurements of the neutron and gamma emission spectra from a large number of materials ranging from Li to Pu have been carried out using the sphere transmission and time-of-flight techniques. The comparison of these measurements with calculations has provided a powerful tool to test the accuracy of the cross sections used in the calculations, the mathematical assumptions and approximations introduced in solving the transport equations and to check for possible errors in the coding stage of the calculations. Some specific cases will be discussed to illustrate the value of the measurements.

The properties of the new mesonic neutral and charged states with mass M approximately 1865 MeV/c/sup 2/ recently discovered in e/sup +/e/sup -/ annihilation at SPEAR are studied. It is shown that these states possess the characteristics expected for low-lying charmed mesons.