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The Endangered Species Act: Consideration of Economic Factors
The Endangered Species Act (ESA) provides for the listing and protection of species that are found to be “endangered” or “threatened” – species that might become extinct. The listing of a species as endangered triggers the prohibitions in the Act against “taking” (killing or harming) individuals of the protected species, unless a permit is obtained to take individuals incidental to an otherwise lawful proposed action, or an exemption for the proposed action is obtained. Unauthorized taking of a listed species can result in civil or criminal penalties. These prohibitions and potential penalties can affect various activities, including development and use of land, with attendant economic impacts.
Date:
April 15, 2003
Creator:
Baldwin, Pamela
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Japanese Companies and Technology: Lessons to Learn?
American companies are facing increased competitive pressures from foreign firms. Many observers feel that U.S. firms lag behind their foreign competitors in the development, application, and marketing of new technologies and techniques. The Japanese industrial enterprise is characterized by a large proportion of private sector financing and many other factors, which this report analyzes at length. The question being debated by Congress is whether or not U.S. government programs and policies are an acceptable and effective means of supporting the efforts of American industries to operate in a manner consistent with success in world markets.
Date:
April 15, 1991
Creator:
Schacht, Wendy H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Points of Order in the Congressional Budget Process
None
Date:
April 15, 1999
Creator:
Saturno, James V.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Trade Promotion (Fast-Track) Authority: Summary and Analysis of Selected Major Provisions of H.R. 3005
None
Date:
April 15, 2002
Creator:
Sek, Lenore; Bolle, Mary Jane; Cooper, William H.; Pregelj, Vladimir N.; Hanrahan, Charles E.; Tiemann, Mary E. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Status of a Member of the House Who Has Been Convicted of a Felony
None
Date:
April 15, 2002
Creator:
Maskell, Jack
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The USA PATRIOT Act: A Legal Analysis
None
Date:
April 15, 2002
Creator:
Doyle, Charles
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Globalizing Cooperative Threat Reduction: A Survey of Options
This report examines nonproliferation assistance programs, including cooperative threat reduction, to help reduce the risk of terrorist access to weapons of mass destruction (WMD). In the FY2004 National Defense Authorization Act, Congress authorized the Bush Administration to spend $50 million of unobligated funds from the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program in states outside the former Soviet Union. A key underlying issue is whether countries that pose particular risks are prepared to provide adequate cooperation to achieve CTR objectives.
Date:
April 15, 2004
Creator:
Squassoni, Sharon
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Campaign Finance: Constitutional and Legal Issues of Soft Money
Prior to enactment of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA), P.L. 107-155, the term “soft money” generally referred to unregulated funds, perceived as resulting from loopholes in the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA), 2 U.S.C. §§ 431 et seq. Generally, the intent of BCRA, (effective Nov. 6, 2002), which amends FECA, is to restrict the raising and spending of soft money. This Issue Brief discusses constitutional and legal issues surrounding two major types of soft money that BCRA regulates: political party soft money and soft money used for issue advocacy communications. Corporate and labor union soft money, which FECA exempts from regulation and is not addressed by BCRA, is also discussed.
Date:
April 15, 2003
Creator:
Whitaker, L. Paige
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Electoral College: Reform Proposals in the 108th Congress
American voters elect the President and Vice President of the United States under a complex arrangement of constitutional provisions, federal and state laws, and political party practices known as the electoral college system. Despite occasional close elections, this system has delivered uncontested results in 46 of 50 elections since adoption of the 12th Amendment, effective in 1804. Throughout this period, nevertheless, it has been the subject of persistent criticism and many reform proposals. Related measures fall into two basic categories: those that would eliminate the electoral college and substitute direct popular election of the President and Vice President, and those that would retain the existing system in some form and correct perceived defects.
Date:
April 15, 2003
Creator:
Neale, Thomas H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Energy Efficiency: Budget, Oil Conservation, and Electricity Conservation Issues
In the 108th Congress, debate over energy efficiency programs has focused on budget, oil, natural gas, and electricity issues, and provisions in the omnibus energy policy bill, S. 2095, H.R. 6, and S. 14/S. 1149. The Bush Administration’s FY2005 budget request for the Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Energy Efficiency Program sought $875.9 million, including $543.9 for R&D and $332.0 million for grants. In the first session, the omnibus energy bill (H.R. 6) had several significant tax and regulatory measures for energy efficiency. It did not pass the Senate due to concerns about cost and an MTBE “safe harbor” provision.
Date:
April 15, 2003
Creator:
Sissine, Fred
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Clean Air Act Issues in the 107th Congress
In the 107th Congress, the most prominent air quality issue has been whether state and federal regulations designed to protect air quality are having a negative impact on energy production, and, if so, whether legislation should be enacted to reform such regulations. The early discussion focused primarily on California, but with the release of the Administration’s energy policy recommendations in May 2001 and subsequent congressional action, attention shifted to issues more national in scope.
Date:
April 15, 2002
Creator:
McCarthy, James E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Overview, FY2004 Budget in Brief, and Issues for Congress
None
Date:
April 15, 2003
Creator:
Smith, Marcia S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fruits and Vegetables: Issues for Congress
This report discusses the Issues for Congress on Fruits and Vegetables.The primary law that exclusively serves the produce industry is the perishable agriculture commodities act in the 1930(PACA).
Date:
April 15, 2002
Creator:
Branaman, Brenda
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Foreign Aid: An Introductory Overview of U.S. Programs and Policy
Foreign assistance is a fundamental component of the international affairs budget and is viewed by many as an essential instrument of U.S foreign policy. This report provides an overview of the U.S. foreign aid program, by addressing a number of the more frequently asked questions regarding the subject.
Date:
April 15, 2004
Creator:
Tarnoff, Curt & Nowels, Larry
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Iraq War: Background and Issues Overview
None
Date:
April 15, 2003
Creator:
Copson, Raymond W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Brownfields and Superfund Issues in the 108th Congress
The Superfund program for cleaning up the nation’s worst hazardous waste sites was created by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, or CERCLA (P.L. 96-510, as amended). This report discusses recent development and background issues, superfund issues, revenue issues, comprehensive reauthorization, and legislation regarding superfund program.
Date:
April 15, 2003
Creator:
Reisch, Mark
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Immigration Legislation and Status Adjustment Legislation
None
Date:
April 15, 2002
Creator:
Wasem, Ruth Ellen
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Administrative Subpoenas and National Security Letters in Criminal and Foreign Intelligence Investigations: Background and Proposed Adjustments
Administrative subpoena authority, including closely related national security letter authority, is the power vested in various administrative agencies to compel testimony or the production of documents or both in aid of the agencies’ performance of their duties. During the 108th Congress, the President urged Congress to expand and re-enforce statutory authority to use administrative subpoenas and national security letters in criminal and foreign intelligence investigations; and legislation was introduced for that purpose. Related proposals have been offered during the 109th Congress, some of which deal with national security letter authority. Proponents of expanded use emphasize the effectiveness of administrative subpoenas as an investigative tool and question the logic of its availability in drug and health care fraud cases but not in terrorism cases. Critics suggest that it is little more than a constitutionally suspect “trophy” power, easily abused and of little legitimate use.
Date:
April 15, 2005
Creator:
Doyle, Charles
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Administrative Subpoenas and National Security Letters in Criminal and Intelligence Investigations: A Sketch
Administrative subpoena authority, including closely related national security letter authority, is the power vested in various administrative agencies to compel testimony or the production of documents or both in aid of the agencies’ performance of their duties. Both the President and Members of Congress have called for statutory adjustments relating to the use of administrative subpoenas and national security letters in criminal and foreign intelligence investigations. One lower federal court has found the sweeping gag orders and lack of judicial review that mark one of the national security letter practices constitutionally defective. Proponents of expanded use emphasize the effectiveness of administrative subpoenas as an investigative tool and question the logic of its availability in drug and health care fraud cases but not in terrorism cases. Critics suggest that it is little more than a constitutionally suspect “trophy” power, easily abused and of little legitimate use. This is an abridged version — without footnotes, appendices, quotation marks and most citations to authority — of Administrative Subpoenas and National Security Letters in Criminal and Foreign Intelligence Investigations: Background and Proposed Adjustments, CRS Report RL32880.
Date:
April 15, 2005
Creator:
Doyle, Charles
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Cyprus: Status of U.N. Negotiations
Cyprus has been divided since 1974. Greek Cypriots, nearly 80% of the population, live in the southern two thirds of the island. Turkish Cypriots live in the “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” (recognized only by Turkey), with about 30,000 Turkish troops providing security. U.N. peacekeeping forces maintain a buffer zone between the two. Members of Congress have urged the Administration to be more active, although they have not proposed an alternative to the U.N.-sponsored talks.
Date:
April 15, 2003
Creator:
Migdalovitz, Carol
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
"Junk E-mail": An Overview of Issues and Legislation Concerning Unsolicited Commercial Electronic Mail ("Spam")
Unsolicited commercial e-mail (UCE), also called “spam” or “junk e-mail,” aggravates many computer users. Not only can it be a nuisance, but its cost may be passed on to consumers through higher charges from Internet service providers who must upgrade their systems to handle the traffic. Proponents of UCE insist it is a legitimate marketing technique and protected by the First Amendment. Legislation to place limits on UCE was considered by the last three Congresses (105th-107th), but no federal law was enacted (27 states have anti-spam laws, however). Two bills have been introduced in the 108th Congress: S. 563 (Dayton) and S. 877 (Burns).
Date:
April 15, 2003
Creator:
Smith, Marcia S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Congress and Trade Policy Toward Japan
Congressional policymaking with respect to trade with Japan is driven by strong domestic interests, appeals to broad political principles, and numerous horror stories. The $43 billion U.S. trade deficit with Japan continues to be a focus of attention, but the deficit is an issue because it reflects aggressive competition between Japanese companies and U.S. industries.
Date:
April 15, 1992
Creator:
Nanto, Dick K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Nuclear Energy Policy
None
Date:
April 15, 2005
Creator:
Holt, Mark
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Strategic Petroleum Reserve
None
Date:
April 15, 2005
Creator:
Bamberger, Robert L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library