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The Economics of Agricultural Policy
An English Act of 1663 imposed a duty on grain imported from abroad whenever the domestic price was below a legislatively set price floor. The English farmer enjoyed a virtual monopoly in the domestic market. By the same token, he was allowed to export grain whenever the domestic price exceeded the price floor, and, after 1673, was granted a bounty (subsidy) on grain exports.
Date:
February 20, 1992
Creator:
Carr, A. Barry
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Conservation Reserve Program: Status and Policy Issues
The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), enacted in 1985, enables producers to bid to retire highly erodible or environmentally sensitive cropland, usually for 10 years. Participants receive annual rental and cost-sharing payments, and technical assistance to install approved plantings. Up to 36.4 million acres have been enrolled; current enrollment is estimated to be 32.9 million acres.
Date:
February 24, 1997
Creator:
Zinn, Jeffrey A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Farm Commodity Legislation: Chronology, 1933-98
Farm commodity programs were a product of the Great Depression. This report discusses the history of farm commodity legislation. Since 1933, Congress has required the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) to administer a variety of programs providing price support and income protection for the nations farmers.
Date:
February 9, 1999
Creator:
Becker, Geoffrey S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Tobacco-Related Activities and Programs in the Federal Government: A Summary
None
Date:
February 10, 1999
Creator:
Redhead, C. Stephen
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Global Climate Change: The Energy Tax Incentives in the President's FY2000 Budget
This report discusses the FY2000 budget, which includes several energy tax incentives intended to reduce greenhouse gasses linked to possible global warming.
Date:
February 4, 1999
Creator:
Lazzari, Salvatore
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Global Climate Change: Congressional Concern About "Back Door" Implementation of the 1997 U.N. Kyoto Protocol
This report discusses legislation and issues relating to global climate change, some legislation and some FY1999 appropriations bills were used as vehicles for explicit congressional direction to the executive branch about possible "back door" implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
Date:
February 3, 1999
Creator:
Morrissey, Wayne A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Line Item Vetoes in the 105th Congress, First Session: A Finding Aid
None
Date:
February 13, 1998
Creator:
Anderson, J. Michael & Jimenez, Rita
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Federal Fiscal Year
This report discusses the federal fiscal year which is the accounting period of the federal government.
Date:
February 25, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Basic Federal Budgeting Terminology
In its most elemental form, the federal budget is a comprehensive accounting of the government’s spending, revenues, and borrowing. This fact sheet provides a brief overview of the basic terminology and concepts used in the federal budget process.
Date:
February 25, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Consideration of the Budget Resolution
Consideration of a concurrent budget resolution is governed by special procedures in the House and Senate. Although the procedures of each chamber differ, they serve generally to expedite consideration of the budget resolution.
Date:
February 25, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Debt-Limit Legislation in the Congressional Budget Process
The gross federal debt consists of the debt held by the public plus the debt held by government accounts. Almost all of the gross federal debt is subject to a public debt limit, as set forth in statute (31 U.S.C. 3101).This report considers legislation needed to change the public debt limit.
Date:
February 25, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Formulation and Content of the Budget Resolution
The Congressional Budget Act (CBA) of 1974 (Titles I-IX of P.L. 93-344), as amended, established the concurrent budget resolution as the centerpiece of the congressional budget process. This report discusses the budget resolution, which provides the framework for subsequent legislative action on the annual appropriations bills, revenue measures, debt-limit legislation, reconciliation legislation (if required), and any other budgetary legislation.
Date:
February 25, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Earmarks and Limitations in Appropriations Bills
An annual appropriations act is generally made up of separate paragraphs, each of which provides funding for specific agencies and programs. Generally, each paragraph corresponds to a unique account and provides appropriations for multiple projects and purposes as a single lump sum. Earmarks and limitations are two devices regularly used in annual appropriations acts to restrict, or more precisely direct, the availability of funds for specific projects or purposes of an account. Sometimes an earmark or a limitation may generate more interest or controversy than the total appropriation.
Date:
February 11, 1999
Creator:
Streeter, Sandy
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Baselines and Scorekeeping in the Federal Budget Process
Baselines and scorekeeping are an integral part of the federal budget process, providing Congress and the President with a framework for making and enforcing budgetary decisions. A baseline serves as a benchmark for federal budget decisions. While the Office of Management and Budget (0MB) and the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) create different baselines, their baselines project federal spending, revenue, and budget surplus or deficit amounts that would occur if existing budget policies were left unchanged. Scorekeeping is the process by which the budgetary impact of proposed and enacted budget policies is measured; it assists Congress and the President in making and enforcing budgetary decisions
Date:
February 25, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Appropriations Bills: What are "General Provisions"?
An annual appropriations act generally consists of two parts – paragraphs providing funding, and general provisions focusing on non-funding as well as funding issues. Discussed on this brief fact sheet are what is found in general provisions of appropriations bills.
Date:
February 11, 1999
Creator:
Streeter, Sandy
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Budget Reconciliation Legislation: Development and Consideration
Budget reconciliation is an optional two-step process Congress may use to assure compliance with the direct spending, revenue, and debt-limit levels set forth in budget resolutions.
Date:
February 25, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Budget Resolution Enforcement
The annual budget resolution sets forth Congress's budget plan for a period of at least five fiscal years. It includes total levels of spending, revenues, and the debt limit for each of the fiscal years covered.
Date:
February 25, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Budget Enforcement Act: Its Operation Under a Budget Surplus
The Budget Enforcement Act was enacted in 1990 in an effort to control future budgetary actions. It did this through two separate, but related, mechanisms: limits on discretionary spending, and the pay-as-you-go process to require that any legislative action on direct spending or revenues which would increase the deficit be offset. These procedures currently would apply through FY2002 (for legislation enacted before October 1, 2002, for measures affecting direct spending or revenues), regardless of whether the budget is in deficit or surplus.
Date:
February 11, 1998
Creator:
Saturno, James V.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Timetable for Sequestration Actions
Sequestration--the automatic across-the-board cancellation of budgetary resources for the purpose of enforcing budgetary goals--was first established by the 1985 Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act (Title II of P.L. 99-177). Section 254 of this act, as amended, provides a timetable for sequestration actions.
Date:
February 25, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Pay-As-You-Go Rules in the Federal Budget Process
The pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) rules in the federal budget process require that new direct spending and revenue legislation be deficit neutral. The net effect of all such legislation enacted during a session must not cause a net increase in the budget deficit (or a net decrease in the budget surplus). If direct spending or revenue legislation causes an increase in the deficit, it must be offset by an equivalent amount of direct spending reductions, revenue increases, or a combination of both.
Date:
February 15, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Sequestration Process
Sequestration is the cancellation of budgetary resources for the purpose of enforcing statutory budget limits and pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) requirements. This process is triggered automatically when these statutory limits or PAYGO rules have been violated as a result of legislative actions.
Date:
February 25, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Discretionary Spending Limits
Discretionary spending limits are statutory caps on the level of budget authority and outlays determined through the annual appropriations process. They were initially established by the Budget Enforcement Act (BEA) of 1990 (Title XIII of P.L. 101-508) as part of an agreement between Congress and President George Bush to reduce the deficit. Twice since, they were extended to enforce agreements between Congress and President Bill Clinton, most recently to achieve a surplus.
Date:
February 25, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Juvenile Justice Act Reauthorization: The Current Debate
None
Date:
February 5, 1998
Creator:
Cavanagh, M. Suzanne & Teasley, David
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Federal Advertising Law: An Overview
This report provides a brief overview of federal law with respect to five selected advertising issues: alcohol advertising, tobacco advertising, the Federal Trade Commission Act, advertising by mail, and advertising by telephone. There are numerous federal statutes regulating advertising that do not fit within any of these categories; as random examples, the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requires disclosures in advertisements for prescription drugs ; the Truth in Lending Act governs the advertising of consumer credit ; and a federal criminal statute makes it illegal falsely to convey in an advertisement that a business is connected with a federal agency.
Date:
February 9, 1998
Creator:
Cohen, Henry
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library