States

Farm Commodity Legislation: Chronology, 1933-98 (open access)

Farm Commodity Legislation: Chronology, 1933-98

Farm commodity programs were a product of the Great Depression. This report discusses the history of farm commodity legislation. Since 1933, Congress has required the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) to administer a variety of programs providing price support and income protection for the nations farmers.
Date: February 9, 1999
Creator: Becker, Geoffrey S.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Tobacco-Related Activities and Programs in the Federal Government: A Summary (open access)

Tobacco-Related Activities and Programs in the Federal Government: A Summary

None
Date: February 10, 1999
Creator: Redhead, C. Stephen
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Global Climate Change: The Energy Tax Incentives in the President's FY2000 Budget (open access)

Global Climate Change: The Energy Tax Incentives in the President's FY2000 Budget

This report discusses the FY2000 budget, which includes several energy tax incentives intended to reduce greenhouse gasses linked to possible global warming.
Date: February 4, 1999
Creator: Lazzari, Salvatore
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Global Climate Change: Congressional Concern About "Back Door" Implementation of the 1997 U.N. Kyoto Protocol (open access)

Global Climate Change: Congressional Concern About "Back Door" Implementation of the 1997 U.N. Kyoto Protocol

This report discusses legislation and issues relating to global climate change, some legislation and some FY1999 appropriations bills were used as vehicles for explicit congressional direction to the executive branch about possible "back door" implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
Date: February 3, 1999
Creator: Morrissey, Wayne A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Federal Fiscal Year (open access)

The Federal Fiscal Year

This report discusses the federal fiscal year which is the accounting period of the federal government.
Date: February 25, 1999
Creator: Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Basic Federal Budgeting Terminology (open access)

Basic Federal Budgeting Terminology

In its most elemental form, the federal budget is a comprehensive accounting of the government’s spending, revenues, and borrowing. This fact sheet provides a brief overview of the basic terminology and concepts used in the federal budget process.
Date: February 25, 1999
Creator: Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Consideration of the Budget Resolution (open access)

Consideration of the Budget Resolution

Consideration of a concurrent budget resolution is governed by special procedures in the House and Senate. Although the procedures of each chamber differ, they serve generally to expedite consideration of the budget resolution.
Date: February 25, 1999
Creator: Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Debt-Limit Legislation in the Congressional Budget Process (open access)

Debt-Limit Legislation in the Congressional Budget Process

The gross federal debt consists of the debt held by the public plus the debt held by government accounts. Almost all of the gross federal debt is subject to a public debt limit, as set forth in statute (31 U.S.C. 3101).This report considers legislation needed to change the public debt limit.
Date: February 25, 1999
Creator: Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Formulation and Content of the Budget Resolution (open access)

Formulation and Content of the Budget Resolution

The Congressional Budget Act (CBA) of 1974 (Titles I-IX of P.L. 93-344), as amended, established the concurrent budget resolution as the centerpiece of the congressional budget process. This report discusses the budget resolution, which provides the framework for subsequent legislative action on the annual appropriations bills, revenue measures, debt-limit legislation, reconciliation legislation (if required), and any other budgetary legislation.
Date: February 25, 1999
Creator: Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Earmarks and Limitations in Appropriations Bills (open access)

Earmarks and Limitations in Appropriations Bills

An annual appropriations act is generally made up of separate paragraphs, each of which provides funding for specific agencies and programs. Generally, each paragraph corresponds to a unique account and provides appropriations for multiple projects and purposes as a single lump sum. Earmarks and limitations are two devices regularly used in annual appropriations acts to restrict, or more precisely direct, the availability of funds for specific projects or purposes of an account. Sometimes an earmark or a limitation may generate more interest or controversy than the total appropriation.
Date: February 11, 1999
Creator: Streeter, Sandy
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Baselines and Scorekeeping in the Federal Budget Process (open access)

Baselines and Scorekeeping in the Federal Budget Process

Baselines and scorekeeping are an integral part of the federal budget process, providing Congress and the President with a framework for making and enforcing budgetary decisions. A baseline serves as a benchmark for federal budget decisions. While the Office of Management and Budget (0MB) and the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) create different baselines, their baselines project federal spending, revenue, and budget surplus or deficit amounts that would occur if existing budget policies were left unchanged. Scorekeeping is the process by which the budgetary impact of proposed and enacted budget policies is measured; it assists Congress and the President in making and enforcing budgetary decisions
Date: February 25, 1999
Creator: Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Appropriations Bills: What are "General Provisions"? (open access)

Appropriations Bills: What are "General Provisions"?

An annual appropriations act generally consists of two parts – paragraphs providing funding, and general provisions focusing on non-funding as well as funding issues. Discussed on this brief fact sheet are what is found in general provisions of appropriations bills.
Date: February 11, 1999
Creator: Streeter, Sandy
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Budget Reconciliation Legislation: Development and Consideration (open access)

Budget Reconciliation Legislation: Development and Consideration

Budget reconciliation is an optional two-step process Congress may use to assure compliance with the direct spending, revenue, and debt-limit levels set forth in budget resolutions.
Date: February 25, 1999
Creator: Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Budget Resolution Enforcement (open access)

Budget Resolution Enforcement

The annual budget resolution sets forth Congress's budget plan for a period of at least five fiscal years. It includes total levels of spending, revenues, and the debt limit for each of the fiscal years covered.
Date: February 25, 1999
Creator: Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Timetable for Sequestration Actions (open access)

Timetable for Sequestration Actions

Sequestration--the automatic across-the-board cancellation of budgetary resources for the purpose of enforcing budgetary goals--was first established by the 1985 Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act (Title II of P.L. 99-177). Section 254 of this act, as amended, provides a timetable for sequestration actions.
Date: February 25, 1999
Creator: Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Pay-As-You-Go Rules in the Federal Budget Process (open access)

Pay-As-You-Go Rules in the Federal Budget Process

The pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) rules in the federal budget process require that new direct spending and revenue legislation be deficit neutral. The net effect of all such legislation enacted during a session must not cause a net increase in the budget deficit (or a net decrease in the budget surplus). If direct spending or revenue legislation causes an increase in the deficit, it must be offset by an equivalent amount of direct spending reductions, revenue increases, or a combination of both.
Date: February 15, 1999
Creator: Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Sequestration Process (open access)

The Sequestration Process

Sequestration is the cancellation of budgetary resources for the purpose of enforcing statutory budget limits and pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) requirements. This process is triggered automatically when these statutory limits or PAYGO rules have been violated as a result of legislative actions.
Date: February 25, 1999
Creator: Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Discretionary Spending Limits (open access)

Discretionary Spending Limits

Discretionary spending limits are statutory caps on the level of budget authority and outlays determined through the annual appropriations process. They were initially established by the Budget Enforcement Act (BEA) of 1990 (Title XIII of P.L. 101-508) as part of an agreement between Congress and President George Bush to reduce the deficit. Twice since, they were extended to enforce agreements between Congress and President Bill Clinton, most recently to achieve a surplus.
Date: February 25, 1999
Creator: Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
House Rules Affecting Committees (open access)

House Rules Affecting Committees

House Rules, especially Rules X-XIII, govern the authority and operations of its committees and subcommittees. This report identifies and summarizes these and other rules and directives affecting committee powers, authority, activities, and operations.
Date: February 22, 1999
Creator: Bach, Stanley & Hardy-Vincent, Carol
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Congressional Budget Process Timetable (open access)

The Congressional Budget Process Timetable

The Congressional Budget Act (CBA) of 1974 (P.L. 93-344), as amended, establishes the congressional budget process, which coordinates the legislative activities on the budget resolution, appropriations bills, reconciliation legislation, revenue measures, and other budgetary legislation. Section 300 of this act provides a timetable (see Table 1) so that Congress may complete its work on the budget by the start of the fiscal year on October 1.
Date: February 25, 1999
Creator: Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Floor Consideration of Conference Reports in the House (open access)

Floor Consideration of Conference Reports in the House

This report explains the steps in the legislative process of the conference reports.
Date: February 19, 1999
Creator: Saturno, James V.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Amendments Between the Houses (open access)

Amendments Between the Houses

This report briefly summarizes the process of amendments between the House of Representatives and the Senate, which occurs if the House and Senate approve differing versions of a measure. An exchange of amendments between the houses resolves these differences.
Date: February 19, 1999
Creator: Saturno, James V.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Messages, Petitions, Communications, and Memorials to Congress (open access)

Messages, Petitions, Communications, and Memorials to Congress

None
Date: February 25, 1999
Creator: Rundquist, Paul S.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Proposed Budget Process Reforms in the Senate: A Brief Analysis of Senate Resolutions 4, 5, 6, and 8 (open access)

Proposed Budget Process Reforms in the Senate: A Brief Analysis of Senate Resolutions 4, 5, 6, and 8

None
Date: February 1, 1999
Creator: Saturno, James V.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library