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Enhanced Chemical Cleaning: A New Process for Chemically Cleaning Savannah River Waste Tanks
At the Savannah River Site (SRS) there are 49 High Level Waste (HLW) tanks that eventually must be emptied, cleaned, and closed. The current method of chemically cleaning SRS HLW tanks, commonly referred to as Bulk Oxalic Acid Cleaning (BOAC), requires about a half million liters (130,000 gallons) of 8 weight percent (wt%) oxalic acid to clean a single tank. During the cleaning, the oxalic acid acts as the solvent to digest sludge solids and insoluble salt solids, such that they can be suspended and pumped out of the tank. Because of the volume and concentration of acid used, a significant quantity of oxalate is added to the HLW process. This added oxalate significantly impacts downstream processing. In addition to the oxalate, the volume of liquid added competes for the limited available tank space. A search, therefore, was initiated for a new cleaning process. Using TRIZ (Teoriya Resheniya Izobretatelskikh Zadatch or roughly translated as the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving), Chemical Oxidation Reduction Decontamination with Ultraviolet Light (CORD-UV{reg_sign}), a mature technology used in the commercial nuclear power industry was identified as an alternate technology. Similar to BOAC, CORD-UV{reg_sign} also uses oxalic acid as the solvent to dissolve the metal (hydr)oxide …
Date:
February 11, 2009
Creator:
Ketusky, Edward; Spires, Renee & Davis, Neil
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Residual stress measurement and microstructural characterization of thick beryllium films
Beryllium films are synthesized by a magnetron sputtering technique incorporating in-situ residual stress measurement. Monitoring the stress evolution in real time provides quantitative through-thickness information on the effects of various processing parameters, including sputtering gas pressure and substrate biasing. Specimens produced over a wide range of stress states are characterized via transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, in order to correlate the stress data with microstructure. A columnar grain structure is observed for all specimens, and surface morphology is found to be strongly dependent on processing conditions. Analytical models of stress generation are reviewed and discussed in terms of the observed microstructure.
Date:
February 11, 2008
Creator:
Detor, A.; Wang, M.; Hodge, A. M.; Chason, E.; Walton, C.; Hamza, A. V. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Sludge Batch 5 Slurry Fed Melt Rate Furnace Test with Frits 418 and 550
Based on Melt Rate Furnace (MRF) testing for the Sludge Batch 5 (SB5) projected composition and assessments of the potential frits with reasonable operating windows, the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) recommended Slurry Fed Melt Rate Furnace (SMRF) testing with Frits 418 and 550. DWPF is currently using Frit 418 with SB5 based on SRNL's recommendation due to its ability to accommodate significant sodium variation in the sludge composition. However, experience with high boron containing frits in DWPF indicated a potential advantage for Frit 550 might exist. Therefore, SRNL performed SMRF testing to assess Frit 550's potential advantages. The results of SMRF testing with SB5 simulant indicate that there is no appreciable difference in melt rate between Frit 418 and Frit 550 at a targeted 34 weight % waste loading. Both batches exhibited comparable behavior when delivered through the feed tube by the peristaltic pump. Limited observation of the cold cap during both runs showed no indication of major cold cap mounding. MRF testing, performed after the SMRF runs due to time constraints, with the same two Slurry Mix Evaporator (SME) dried products led to the same conclusion. Although visual observations of the cross-sectioned MRF beakers indicated differences in the …
Date:
February 11, 2009
Creator:
Miller, Donald & Pickenheim, Bradley
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Tank 26 Evaporator Feed Pump Transfer Analysis
The transfer of liquid salt solution from Tank 26 to an evaporator is to be accomplished by activating the evaporator feed pump, located approximately 72 inches above the sludge layer, while simultaneously turning on the downcomer. Previously, activation of the evaporator feed pump was an isolated event without any other components running at the same time. An analysis of the dissolved solution transfer has been performed using computational fluid dynamics methods to determine the amount of entrained sludge solids pumped out of the tank to the evaporator with the downcomer turned on. The analysis results showed that, for the maximum and minimum supernate levels in Tank 26 (252.5 and 72 inches above the sludge layer, respectively), the evaporator feed pump will entrain between 0.03 and 0.1 wt% sludge undissolved solids weight fraction into the eductor, respectively, and therefore are an order of magnitude less than the 1.0 wt% undissolved solids loading criteria to feed the evaporator. Lower tank liquid levels, with respect to the sludge layer, result in higher amounts of sludge entrainment due to the increased velocity of the plunging jets from the downcomer and evaporator feed pump bypass as well as decreased dissipation depth. Revision 1 clarifies the …
Date:
February 11, 2009
Creator:
Tamburello, David; Dimenna, Richard & Lee, Si
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Prospect of using Three-Dimensional Earth Models To Improve Nuclear Explosion Monitoring and Ground Motion Hazard Assessment
The last ten years have brought rapid growth in the development and use of three-dimensional (3D) seismic models of earth structure at crustal, regional and global scales. In order to explore the potential for 3D seismic models to contribute to important societal applications, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) hosted a 'Workshop on Multi-Resolution 3D Earth Models to Predict Key Observables in Seismic Monitoring and Related Fields' on June 6 and 7, 2007 in Berkeley, California. The workshop brought together academic, government and industry leaders in the research programs developing 3D seismic models and methods for the nuclear explosion monitoring and seismic ground motion hazard communities. The workshop was designed to assess the current state of work in 3D seismology and to discuss a path forward for determining if and how 3D earth models and techniques can be used to achieve measurable increases in our capabilities for monitoring underground nuclear explosions and characterizing seismic ground motion hazards. This paper highlights some of the presentations, issues, and discussions at the workshop and proposes a path by which to begin quantifying the potential contribution of progressively refined 3D seismic models in critical applied arenas.
Date:
February 11, 2008
Creator:
Antoun, T.; Harris, D.; Lay, T.; Myers, S. C.; Pasyanos, M. E.; Richards, P. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Radial-Gap Permanent Magnet Motor and Drive Research FY 2004
The objective of this task was to study permanent magnet (PM) radial-gap traction drive systems that could meet the U.S. Department of Energy FreedomCAR Program's 2010 goals to expose weaknesses or identify strengths. Initially, the approach was to compare attributes such as physical deformations during operation, performance (torque, power, efficiency versus speed), material requirements (strength), material costs, manufacturability, weight, power density, specific power, reliability, and drivability for specific motors. Three motors selected were the commercially available 60-kW radial-gap surface-mounted PM motor manufactured by UQM Technologies, Inc.; a hypothetical PM motor with rotor-supported magnets similar to the Honda MCF-21; and Delphi's automotive electric machine drive motor, whose rotor is a ferromagnetic cylinder, held at one end by a shaft that supports the magnets on its inner surface. Potential problems have appeared related to PM motors, such as (1) high no-load spin losses and high operational power losses, probably from eddy current losses in the rotor; (2) the undemonstrated dual mode inverter control (DMIC) for driving a brushless dc motor (BDCM) (UQM and Delphi motors); (3) uncertainty about the potential for reducing current with DMIC; and (4) uncertainty about the relation between material requirements and maximum rotor speed. Therefore, the approach was …
Date:
February 11, 2005
Creator:
McKeever, J.W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Damage Detection System with Sub-microsecond Resolution
Fiber optic grating sensors have been used to measure multi-dimensional strain, pressure, temperature, corrosion and moisture. This paper presents a method of using fiber grating sensors to measure the position and velocity of a very fast event associated with a blast wave. A chirped fiber grating of 50 mm length is placed in a highly energetic material. The action of the shock wave is to destroy the fiber grating as it propagates along it. By using a spectral filter such as a chirped fiber grating in combination with high speed detectors the position and velocity of the shock wave may be determined. A layout of a system used to experimentally verify this technique is described and results presented for two different highly energetic materials.
Date:
February 11, 2008
Creator:
Udd, E & Benterou, J
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Science Priorities for Mars Sample Return
None
Date:
February 11, 2008
Creator:
Borg, L.; Des Marais, D. & Beaty, D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Salt Processing Through Ion Exchange at the Savannah River Site Selection of Exchange Media and Column Configuration - 9198
The Department of Energy (DOE) has developed, modeled, and tested several different ion exchange media and column designs for cesium removal. One elutable resin and one non-elutable resin were considered for this salt processing application. Deployment of non-elutable Crystalline Silicotitanate and elutable Resorcinol Formaldehyde in several different column configurations were assessed in a formal Systems Engineering Evaluation (SEE). Salt solutions were selected that would allow a grouping of non-compliant tanks to be closed. Tests were run with the elutable resin to determine compatibility with the resin configuration required for an in-tank ion exchange system. Models were run to estimate the ion exchange cycles required with the two resins in several column configurations. Material balance calculations were performed to estimate the impact on the High Level Waste (HLW) system at the Savannah River Site (SRS). Conceptual process diagrams were used to support the hazard analysis. Data from the hazard analysis was used to determine the relative impact on safety. This report will discuss the technical inputs, SEE methods, results and path forward to complete the technical maturation of ion exchange.
Date:
February 11, 2009
Creator:
Spires, Renee; Punch, Timothy & McCabe, Daniel
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Spheromak Energy Transport Studies via Neutral Beam Injection
Results from the SSPX spheromak experiment provide strong motivation to add neutral beam injection (NBI) heating. Such auxiliary heating would significantly advance the capability to study the physics of energy transport and pressure limits for the spheromak. This LDRD project develops the physics basis for using NBI to heat spheromak plasmas in SSPX. The work encompasses three activities: (1) numerical simulation to make quantitative predictions of the effect of adding beams to SSPX, (2) using the SSPX spheromak and theory/modeling to develop potential target plasmas suitable for future application of neutral beam heating, and (3) developing diagnostics to provide the measurements needed for transport calculations. These activities are reported in several publications.
Date:
February 11, 2008
Creator:
McLean, H. S.; Hill, D. N.; Wood, R. D.; Jayakumar, J. & Pearlstein, L. D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Final Report for LDRD Project 05-ERD-050: "Developing a Reactive Chemistry Capability for the NARAC Operational Model (LODI)"
In support of the National Security efforts of LLNL, this project addressed the existing imbalance between dispersion and chemical capabilities of LODI (Lagrangian Operational Dispersion Integrator--the NARAC operational dispersion model). We have demonstrated potentially large effects of atmospheric chemistry on the impact of chemical releases (e.g., industrial chemicals and nerve agents). Prior to our work, LODI could only handle chains of first-order losses (exponential decays) that were independent of time and space, limiting NARAC's capability to respond when reactive chemistry is important. We significantly upgraded the chemistry and aerosol capability of LODI to handle (1) arbitrary networks of chemical reactions, (2) mixing and reactions with ambient species, (3) evaporation and condensation of aerosols, and (4) heat liberated from chemical reactions and aerosol condensation (which can cause a cold and dense plume hugging the ground to rise into the atmosphere, then descend to the ground again as droplets). When this is made operational, it will significantly improve NARAC's ability to respond to terrorist attacks and industrial accidents that involve reactive chemistry, including many chemical agents and toxic industrial chemicals (TICS). As a dual-use, the resulting model also has the potential to be a state-of-the-art air-quality model. Chemical releases are the most …
Date:
February 11, 2008
Creator:
Cameron-Smith, P; Grant, K & Connell, P
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Conformal Field Theories: From Old to New
In a short review of recent work, we discuss the general problem of constructing the actions of new conformal field theories from old conformal field theories. Such a construction follows when the old conformal field theory admits new conformal stress tensors in its chiral algebra, and it turns out that the new conformal field theory is generically a new spin-two gauge theory. As an example we discuss the new spin-two gauged sigma models which arise in this fashion from the general conformal non-linear sigma model.
Date:
February 11, 1998
Creator:
Halpern, M. B. & Schwartz, C.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Tracking the Sun: The Installed Cost of Photovoltaics in the U.S. from 1998-2007
As installations of grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have grown, so too has the desire to track the installed cost of these systems over time, by system characteristics, by system location, and by component. This report helps to fill this need by summarizing trends in the installed cost of grid-connected PV systems in the United States from 1998 through 2007. The report is based on an analysis of installed cost data from nearly 37,000 residential and non-residential PV systems, totaling 363 MW of capacity, and representing 76percent of all grid-connected PV capacity installed in the U.S. through 2007.
Date:
February 11, 2009
Creator:
Wiser, Ryan; Barbose, Galen & Peterman, Carla
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Peroxotitanates for Biodelivery of Metals
Metal-based drugs are largely undeveloped in pharmacology. One limiting factor is the systemic toxicity of metal-based compounds. A solid-phase, sequestratable delivery agent for local delivery of metals could reduce systemic toxicity, facilitating new drug development in this nascent area. Amorphous peroxotitanates (APT) are ion exchange materials with high affinity for several heavy metal ions, and have been proposed to deliver or sequester metal ions in biological contexts. In the current study, we tested a hypothesis that APT are able to deliver metals or metal compounds to cells. We exposed fibroblasts (L929) or monocytes (THP1) to metal-APT materials for 72 h in vitro, then measured cellular mitochondrial activity (SDH-MTT method) to assess the biological impact of the metal-APT materials vs. metals or APT alone. APT alone did not significantly affect cellular mitochondrial activity, but all metal-APT materials suppressed the mitochondrial activity of fibroblasts (by 30-65% of controls). The concentration of metal-APT materials required to suppress cellular mitochondrial activity was below that required for metals alone, suggesting that simple extracellular release of the metals from the metal-APT materials was not the primary mechanism of mitochondrial suppression. In contrast to fibroblasts, no metal-APT material had a measurable effect on THP1 monocyte mitochondrial activity, …
Date:
February 11, 2009
Creator:
Hobbs, David & Elvington, M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Results from a Prototype MAPS Sensor Telescope and Readout Systemwith Zero Suppression for the Heavy Flavor Tracker at STAR
We describe a three Mimostar-2 Monolithic Active PixelSensor (MAPS) sensor telescope prototype with an accompanying readoutsystem incorporating on-the-fly data sparsification. The system has beencharacterized and we report on the measured performance of the sensortelescope and readout system in beam tests conducted both at the AdvancedLight Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and inthe STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Thiseffort is part of the development and prototyping work that will lead toa vertex detector for the STAR experiment.
Date:
February 11, 2008
Creator:
Greiner, Leo C.; Matis, Howard S.; Ritter, Hans G.; Rose, AndrewA.; Stezelberger, Thorsten; Sun, Xiangming et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Bling Tenon
Patent for a metallic blind tenon. The end of a blind slat to pivot the slat in the frame of the blind. Illustration included.
Date:
February 11, 1908
Creator:
Miller, Charles, of Del Rio, Texas
Object Type:
Patent
System:
The Portal to Texas History
Advertising Street Car Sign
Patent for an advertisement sign located on the top of street cars. Illustration included.
Date:
February 11, 1908
Creator:
King, Alphonse
Object Type:
Patent
System:
The Portal to Texas History
Belt
Patent for an apparel belt. Illustration included.
Date:
February 11, 1908
Creator:
Reynolds, Henry J.
Object Type:
Patent
System:
The Portal to Texas History
Automatic Railway-Switch
Patent for an improved automatic railway switch based on an earlier model made by the same person. Illustrations included.
Date:
February 11, 1908
Creator:
McGee, Richard M. & Jones, William M.
Object Type:
Patent
System:
The Portal to Texas History
Aeroplane
Patent for an aeroplane. Illustrations included.
Date:
February 11, 1913
Creator:
Goodrich, Luman L., Jr.
Object Type:
Patent
System:
The Portal to Texas History
Conveyer
Patent for a conveyer system in use with threshing machines. Illustration included.
Date:
February 11, 1908
Creator:
Richmond, George E.
Object Type:
Patent
System:
The Portal to Texas History
Apparatus for Cleaning Bottoms of Ships.
Patent for apparatus for cleaning the bottom of ships "to provide a simple and practical apparatus for removing barnacles, seaweed, mud, and other adhesions from the sides and bottom of a ship" (line 10).
Date:
February 11, 1902
Creator:
Culpepper, Robert Smith
Object Type:
Patent
System:
The Portal to Texas History
Aparejo
Patent for more efficient and durable pack-saddle (aparejo) used by United States Army. Casing involves hollow boot-sticks and rubber-encased steel, with better fitting to prevent fatigue of animal.
Date:
February 11, 1902
Creator:
Keller, John & Titsworth, Richard
Object Type:
Patent
System:
The Portal to Texas History
Prospecting for lunar ice using a multi-rover cooperative team
A multi-rover cooperative team or swarm developed by Sandia National Laboratories is described, including various control methodologies that have been implemented to date. How the swarm's capabilities could be applied to a lunar ice prospecting mission is briefly explored. Some of the specific major engineering issues that must be addressed to successfully implement the swarm approach to a lunar surface mission are outlined, and potential solutions are proposed.
Date:
February 11, 2000
Creator:
Klarer, Paul R.; Feddema, John T. & Lewis, Christopher L.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library