Report issued by the Brookhaven National Laboratory discussing data collected from two BNL meteorological towers. As stated in the introduction, "results are presented in graphic form rather than tabular form" (p. 1). This report includes tables, maps, illustrations, and photographs.

This report reviews aspects of experimental and clinical research performed in the investigation on the pathogenesis and recovery of bone marrow injury caused by total body irradiation.

The object of this study was to determine the nature of the free radicals induced in ferrocene by Co60 gamma rays. The irradiations were carried out on the powder at 77°K and on the single crystals at 193°K. The variation of the splitting factor, g, of the signals observed when the single crystals were oriented at different angles relative to the external magnetic field direction, indicated the existence of three types of resonance peaks. It was possible to correlate these variations with the molecular orientations in the crystal unit cell and with the spatial arrangement of the molecular orbitals. Taking into account the spectral changes observed after thermal annealing of the crystal, the existence of the following free radicals has been suggested: 1) a straight molecule-ferricinium ion, 2) a bent molecule-ferricinium ion, and 3) a cyclopentadienyl radical with four protons, the fifth having been transferred to the iron atom. A signal with a cylindrically symmetric g tensor, observed at 77°K, has been assigned to another radical but its nature was not fully established.

Despite similar atomic arrangement, Brucite (Mg(OH)2) and phlogopite (KMg3(OH)2(Al,Si3)O10) present striking difference in their infrared spectra. A single absorption band is observed in phlogopite whence brucite possesses a total of 15 bands on both sides of the fundamental. A comparison of the hydroxides with micas provides supporting evidence that the complexity of the hydroxide spectra is due to interactions between neighboring hydroxyl groups. Each mineral contains a layer of magnesium ions possessing trigonal symmetry. Both minerals contain hydroxyl ion is located in such a way that it is in contract with three magnesium ions.

During a visit to Professor H.G. Harb at the University of Wisconsin, it was apparent that he had succeeded in obtaining fresh, clean chemisorptive layers of titanium by sublimation and chat that this could be adapted into an effective high vacuum pump. Two previous techniques of obtaining a chemisorptive layer of titanium, namely catholic sputtering and evaporation from the liquid droplet, have been extensively investigated and reported. Each of these seem to have inherent difficulties in stability and continuity of operation that appear to be eliminated or effectively reduced by the sublimation procedure. A development program was started at Brookhaven National Laboratory to investigate the possibilities of each sublimation of titanium as opposed to evaporation from the liquid.

The purpose if this paper is to present tables of perturbed wave functions which have been obtained in three recent investigations: (1) wave functions v1'(nℓ→ℓ') which pertains to the perturbation of the d electrons of various ions as a result of the potential due to a nuclear quadrupole moment Q3 (2) wave functions v1',H(nℓ→ℓ) which represent the antishielding of the d electrons for a possible nuclear hexadecapole moment H; (3) wave functions u2'(ns→p) which pertain to the dipole perturbation of the valence (ns) electrons of the alkali atoms. Throughout this paper, the notation is the same as in a previous report in which a similar tabulation of perturbed wave function was made.

Several important metabolic processes in plants involve the conversion of triose phosphate to hexose monophosphate. These include the synthesis of carbohydrates from precursors such as pyruvate and acetyl-coenzyme A, the reductive pentose phosphate cycle of photosynthesis, and the oxidative pentose phosphate cycle. This conversion cannot be accomplished solely by glycolytic enzymes because of the irreversible nature of phosphofructokinase. Racker and Schroeder (1958) have suggested two possible enzymic pathways for the formation of fructose 6-phosphate from triose phosphate. The most direct route is via a phosphate specific for the phosphates attached to carbon-1 of FDP. A combination of aldolase, transaldolase and sedoheptulose diphosphates may provide an alternative pathway.

The radiation of the Van Allen belts and the solar flares consists primarily of electrons and protons, the biological effects of which are reasonably well known. However, there is a very small component of the galactic cosmic rays which consists of stripped atomic nuclei of atoms as heavy as iron. The biological effects of such particles have not been extensively investigated because it is impossible to produce them in the laboratory with an energy high enough to use for mammalian experiments. Consequently it has been necessary to approach the problem by indirect methods.

Much of the early work in radiation biology was predicted on the assumption that radiation effects could be understood in terms of a single mechanism. This "single mechanism" was studied on appropriate biological test objects that could be developed into biological dosimeters. Attempts were made to assess the properties of "the" biological effects from the relations of "biological dose" (skin dose, bean dose, fly dose, etc.) to physical parameters of irradiation. Notwithstanding the rigidity of this approach, some useful generalizations emerged. During the past 20 years or so, it has become increasingly obvious that ionizing radiations may affect living systems in different ways, and that what is true in one cell, tissue, or species and in one set of circumstances does not necessarily apply to another situation. Accordingly, the search for a single mechanism was replaced by dedicated application to specific detail. In consequence, we now know a great deal about the fine structure of some radiation effects, and there is once again a tendency to formulate generalizations. This paper will attempt to analyze the mechanism of a well-defined syndrome that arises in certain cell systems after a single dose of ionizing radiation. Our attention will be directed mainly to …

Information on the metabolism of fission products in man has been obtained largely from studies carried out with parenterally-administered soluble salts of radioisotopes administered in medical treatment or in tracer studies. The recent development of the whole-body gamma spectrometer with its highly sensitive detection system has been of considerable value in extending these studies by providing data on very low levels of isotopes in man over long periods of time.

The purpose of the Chemo-nuclear In-pile Research Loop is to provide a versatile facility for investigating chemo-nuclear reactions under flow conditions. The loop os designed to handle gaseous systems in conjunction with fixed packages of solid fuel.

During the past year notable progress was made in several laboratories on design for linear accelerators in the energy range up to and above 1 Bev. Interest in linacs for this energy centers on two possible applications: first, as injectors for 300 to 1000 Bev synchrotrons, and second, as sources of intense meson beams. To review this progress, a conference jointly sponsored by the Brookhaven National Laboratory and Yale University was held at Brookhaven during the week of August 20, 1962.

The alternating-gradient proton synchrotrons at CERN and Brookhaven are very similar in size, design and in their experimental use. For this reason, collaboration between the groups at CERN and Brookhaven has been close throughout the history of these two machines. For the most part this has taken the form of exchanges of visits of individual machine designers and of high-energy physicists. By 1962, however, it appeared that the reciprocal flow of information was not adequate and a more formal meeting was arranged. This meeting took place at Brookhaven during the week of September 10, 1962. CERN sent a representative group of machine physicists and high-energy physicists. The meeting was attended also by observers from several American high-energy installations. The discussion covered a wide range of topics, from operating characteristics of the machines themselves to future trends in design of experimental equipment. Plans for beam ejection were presented, techniques were described for better use of secondary beams from internal targets, progress was summarized on dc and rf particle separators. and future trends in neutrino experimentation were predicted.

The photochemical rearrangement of o-nitrobenzaldehyde to nitrosobenzoic acid was discovered in 1901 and has been investigated by various workers. The reaction is known to occur both in the solid state and in solution. It seemed possible that a paramagnetic species could be formed during the photolysis and that an Electron Spin Resonance studt would give useful information.

The Chase two-dimensional analyzer is a 64 channel by 64 channel analyzer with a magnetic drum memory and a buffered storage system. The memory capacity is 2 counts per channel. The maximum storage rate is limited by the drum speed and is about 800 counts per second for a featureless spectrum.

When the nucleus of an atom in a crystalline solid undergoes radiative neutron capture there is disruption of the crystal in the vicinity of the event due to energetic processes accompanying the nuclear transformation. This local disruption has been termed a "hot-zone" or "displacement spike". The chemical state of a transformed recoil atom immediately following transformation is unknown. Within a microsecond the "hot zone" has cooled sufficiently to "freeze" the recoil atom into a stable (or metastable) chemical state. A fraction of the metastable recoil atoms can undergo thermal annealing reactions, and the chemical nature of the metastable state can sometimes be inferred from annealing data. It is characteristic of these reactions that the recoil atoms tend to be reincorporated into the parent chemical form.

The first national Technical Conference on Air Pollution (1) held in this city in 1950 included eight papers on meteorology; the present session contains one. On this basis, one night conclude that recent progress in meteorology has been virtually nonexistent or that the importance of meteorological factors has been diminishing, Neither could be further from the truth, as the number and quality of papers relating to air pollution meteorology in recent scientific and technical sessions will attest. It is particularly appropriate to review the status of meteorological "know-how" at this time, because of the many situations in which the ultimate capability of the atmosphere to absorb pollution is in question. Both in connection with highly toxic materials on the one hand and the "megalopolis" on the other, estimates of the "atmospheric sewer capacity" are becoming increasingly necessary to industrial and municipal planning.

Several methods of determining meteorite ages depend ages upon nuclides formed by cosmic ray interactions. The tactic assumption is always made that the intensity of cosmic radiation does not vary in time or space. However it is known that the intensity of cosmic radiation at the earth varies with the solar activity. The spectrum of cosmic ray protons and alpha particles exhibit a marked drop at the low energy end (<1.5 GeV) and the intensity in the region appears to follow the 11 year cycle of solar activity. The low energy cosmic rays increase in intensity with a decrease in solar activity. These changes in cosmic ray intensities are generally attributed to a modulation of the galactic cosmic radiation by the magnetic fields associated with the outward streaming solar material, the solar wind. One would therefore expect that the cosmic ray intensity several astronomical units from the sun is greater than the intensity at the earth's orbit, particularly at the low energy end of the spectrums.

Since the end of the last century (Tarknow, 1896) radiation effect o the nervous tissue has been studied in experimental animals and humans by numerous investigators, using mostly pathomorphological changes as a parameter of radiosensitivity . With increasing time intervals following radiation, pathomorphological changes are more evident, which has been known for quite some time.

The transition from dormancy to growth in plant seeds has been the topic of many biological studies (1,2). Of particular interest to the radiobiologist are the dramatic changes in radiosensitivity occurring soon after the soaking of the seeds (3). These changes are thought to be associated with the commencement of proliferative activity. The recently developed method of labeling DNA with tritiated thymidine allows analysis of proliferative activity in greater detail than was heretofore possible. In the present study, uptake of tritiated thymidine and mitotic counts were used to determine the sequence of activation of proliferation in tissues or organs of the germinating corn embryo.

Most studies of the effect of radiation upon plant development utilized external sources of irradiation. Where radioactive isotopes were used these were primarily applied in metabolic or cytological studies. The effects of these isotopes are similar to those produced by external irradiation, modified by such phenomena as specific localization, timing of irradiation, modified by such phenomena as specific localization, timing of irradiation, etc. The advent of tritium as a means of irradiation over very restricted areas has opened a new possibility in radiobiology. Many substances have been tagged with tritium and its application has been manifold (1). Tritiated thymidine has found special favor in studies where the labeling of DNA was the prime aim. It also serves as a means of specifically irradiating regions where DNA is being formed (2). Wimber (3) was the first to examine in detail the effect of tritiated thymidine on the development of the plant have not yet been studied. The purpose these experiments was to study the effect of nuclear irradiation on the formation and differentiation of the root of Zea mays.

Two methods are proposed for calculating zero-point energies of molecules. The first makes use of the fact that one can easily write down the quantum mechanical Hamiltonian for a vibration system. The zero-point energy can then be obtained by a perturbation scheme without solving the secular equation. The second method requires a knowledge of the normal modes and frequencies of a reference molecule, but then enables one to calculate isotope effects by a perturbation scheme. The methods are applied to some examples and the convergence of the perturbation series is investigated. The approximate validity of the law of the mean for the isotope effect on zero-point energies is explored within the framework of the methods.

In the summer of 1960 one of the little used wells on the Brookhaven National Laboratory site became accidentally contaminated with radioactive material. The contamination was discovered during a routine sampling of all wells in the waste disposal area, so there was a period of several weeks between the time of discharge.

Earlier studies concerned with the influence of various hormones on carbohydrate metabolism in the dog were presented to this Conference in 1952. These studies dealt with the effects of adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy, and of regimens of anterior pituitary and adrenal hormones. Observations of changes in blood glucose concentration brought about by the administration of insulin, a glucose load, or of a epinephrine played a major part in this earlier work.