During the last year we have been attempting to increase our understanding of the significance of the various dilution methods used to measure the extra-cellular fluid. When the dilution methods were first proposed to obtain a measure of the extracellular fluid volume, it was hoped that an agent could be found which would distribute uniformly and exclusively throughout this compartment, which would approach equilibrium rapidly, and which could be measured by simple and accurate procedures. We have turned our attention chiefly to the methods themselves using dogs and non-edematous adults as subjects.

Monthly report from the Reactor Operations Division of the Brookhaven National Laboratory that covers various topics like the different operations conducted, and the amount of energy consumed.

A tranistorized d.c. coupled amplifier having very good gain stability, as well as very low drift of the output d.c. level, has been designed. Low frequency input signals with an amplitude of .04 to 2 volts peak-to-peak, approximately, coming from a low impedance source (voice soil of a speaker system) are amplified to an approximate peak-to-peak amplitude of 4 volts. The output is intended to drive a load of the order of 100 kohm.

The purpose of the Chemo-nuclear In-pile Research Loop is to provide a versatile facility for investigating chemo-nuclear reactions under flow conditions. The loop os designed to handle gaseous systems in conjunction with fixed packages of solid fuel.

In this report we present solutions of the design problem in which a system of quadruple lenses is required to carry a particle beam from given focal lines in the x and y planes to other given focal lines. Particular attention will be given to the case of the anastigmatic lens system which takes a beam from one focal point to another focal point. Since the general problem is almost impossibly complicated a simplification is introduced by breaking the lens system into two parts. The first part of the lens system is required to bring the initial beam to the state where it is parallel to the z axis in both planes. The second part carries the initially parallel beam to the required final condition. Each part will involve two quadrupoles so that the complete system will consist of four quadruples; usually, however, the field gradients in the second and third quadrupoles can be made identical so that those quadrupoles can be combined into one and the system becomes a three quadrupole system. The configuration of the lens element will be as shown in the figures below. These figures indicate also the general character of the beam path in the …

The rf particle separator, proposed in 1959 by W.K.H. Panofsky and now in preparation for the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron, required a rf structure which gives a transverse impulse to a passing relativistic particle. In order to produce an accumulative transverse deflection of a traveling charged particle with an electromagnetic field, it is necessary that the field contains a synchronous component and in principle, waveguides and cavities are equivalent with respect to the particle dynamics. It was pointed out by H.G. Hereward, that the electric and magnetic deflection of a transverse electric mode (i.e., with no electric field component parallel to the direction of the particle velocity) cancel exactly at all particle velocities. The deflecting force of a transverse magnetic mode on a synchronous particle with the velocity v is proportional to the factor 1-(v/c)2 and vanishes therefore in the case of relativistic particles.

In the fall of 1961 an extensive program of investigation of high energy p-p interactions was begun at the Brookhaven AGS. The BNL 20" liquid hydrogen bubble chamber and an electrostatically separated beam were used to obtain a total (to date) of 300,000 exposure with about 15 antiprotons per pulse. The exposures were made at antiproton momenta of 3.25 Bev/c and 3.69 Bev/c in the laboratory. Approximately 80% of the exposures were made 3.69 Bev/c antiprotons. A wide variety of reactions occur in these collisions. Some of these such as elastic scattering, pion production, and associated production of hyperons and K-mesons have analogues in p-p collisions. The similarities and differences between the p-p and p-p results can usually be understood in a qualitative way and in some cases quantitative comparison with theory has been possible. The annihilation reactions leading to final states containing pions alone or pions with K-mesons are unique to the nucleon-antinucleon system as are the reactions in which a hyperon, anti-hyperon pair is produced. In the following, we report the principal characteristics of proton-antiproton reactions. Although the scope of this paper is comprehensive it is not a definitive report of the experiment as much of the work …

Buckling measurements at BNL have employed two experimental methods which in principle should yield identical results but in practice show a systematic and significant discrepancy. In this paper the experimental evidence of these errors is reviewed and their source is traced by means of theory to the radial flux transients which perturb the asymptotic neutron spectrum in the exponential assemblies. Some alternate and apparently more precise methods of analyzing the data are examined theoretically, including the possibility of anisotropy in the leakage probability.

Since the discovery of the Straub and Feuer as well as Laki et al. that ATP bound to G-actin is transformed to ADP and inorganic phosphate during polymerization of actin (1, 2), it has become increasingly clear that the chemical changes in the nucleotide are related to the change in the physical state of the protein. Barany, Biro, Molnar and Straub have shown that highly purified actin preparation free of any enzyme which would use ATP, ADP or AMP as a substrate still catalyze the breakdown of ATP (3) thus supporting the original idea that the ATP to ADP transformation is related to the globular to fibrous transformation of the actin protein itself. Mommaerts was the first to show that the ADP formed during polymerization remains bound to F-actin and Ulbrecht et al. while extending Mommaert's finding on exhaustively purified actin preparations have shown that the P1 formed during polymerization is not bound to F-actin. The stoichiometry of the splitting and the tightness of binding of the ADP lead inevitably to questions in regard to the position of bond breaking during the hydrolysis and to the nature of the forces involved in the tight binding of ADP to F-actin. To …

We wish to report unequivocal evidence for the water promoted, aluminum chloride induced intramolecular rearrangement of the benzene rings in diphenyl. When diphenyl 1→1,1'-C14, prepared in 80% yield via an Ullmann reaction on iodobenzene-1-C1 14, was heated to 100° for 30 min. with 10 mole % of aluminum chloride and 1 mole % of water, the radioactivity, originally localized at the two connecting carbons had been randomly distributed. Recovered active diphenyl was also shown to be randomized when the reaction was carried out for 12 hrs. in a refluxing benzene solution. The degradation method used is outlined in Fig. 1. The view that the reaction in intramolecular is supported by the following facts: (1) The inactive benzene used in the solvent experiments was devoid of activity at the end of a run within the precision of our assay methods. A rearrangement carried out with inactive diphenyl in benzene-1-C- 14 yielded diphenul having an activity indicating less than 0.001% intermolecularity.

Treatment of Pisum root meristems with nutrient solutions containing tritiated thymidine (H3-T) and colchicine simultaneously labeled cells in two different segments of the mitotic cycle. Tracings of the serial progression of these differently labeled cells through mitosis resembled sine-cosine curves. When the labeled cells are in interphase the sign of the curves is negative, when they are in mitosis the sign is positive. The concept of the mitotic cycle in terms of trigonometric functions was presented as one way of transferring cycle from a celestial time scale to that of a biological clock.

One of the more apparent differences between acute and chronic irradiation is that exposure in the former is generally confined to a small fraction of a single mitotic cycle while in the latter; exposure of mitotically active tissue usually involves at least several cycles. Because of this difference, the number of cells in each stage of interphase would be of primary importance in acute radiation experiments since radiosensitivity is not the same in the G1, S and G2 periods. The duration of the total mitotic cycle should be more important in chronic experiments because most of the cells in the tissue will have passed through each of the interphase stages (G1, S and G2) during the period of irradiation thus negating any different effect.

An additive, interacting mechanism of micro and macro-convective heat transfer is proposed to represent boiling heat transfer with net vapor generation to saturated liquid metals in convective flow. Based on this mechanism, a method for calculating boiling coefficients is developed. The correlating is shown to be in fair agreement with early experimental results for convective boiling of potassium and sodium.

Recently, we reported that the administration of the thyroid hormone, L-triiodothyronine (T3), markedly accelerated the development of experimental hypertension associated with a high-salt intake in intact rate. Earlier, Selye and his associates and Masson, Corcoran, and Page has observed a similar effect from thyroxin in uninephrectomized salt-fed rats. We were aware of the fact that oxidative phosphorylation is uncoupled by the thyroid hormone and were intrigued by the possibility that such uncoupling was instrumental in the accelerated development of the hypertension observed. The work reported here was undertaken with this possibility in mind; it was based on the well documented observation of Loomis and Lipmann that dinitrophenol reversibly inhabits oxidative phosphorylation. The present studies indicates that 2, 4-dinitrophenol, like L-triiodothyronine, can also rapidly induce hypertension in salt-fed rate. These observations have led us to develop a working hypothesis that may have general implications relative to the pathogenesis of hypertension in man.

A neutron diffraction program was initiated recently at the Puerto Rico Nuclear Center. The two double crystal spectrometers in use were assembled with the aid of staff members of the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The first research problem to be completed was a single crystal structure analysis of CaWO4. Choosing the origin at the 4(a) tungsten site in the tetragonal I41/a cell. the 16(f) oxygen parameters were found to be as follows: x=0.2413 ± 0.0005, y=0.1511 ± 0.0006, z=0.0861 ± 0.0001. Anisotropic temperature parameters were also determined for all atoms in the least squares analysis of the structure. The magnetic structure of CuSO4 has been determined in a continuation of a study started at Brookhaven in collaboration with Dr. P.J. Brown. Using the Wollan-Koehler-Bertaut notation, the antiferromagnetic spin ordering mode in the orthorhombic Pbnm cell is Ax, with the spin axis parallel to a. A moment of approximately 1 μB was found for the Cu2_ ion. The crystal structure of BaNiO2 was re-examined in a neutron powder diffraction study, and it was found that the earlier x-ray study of Lander is essentially correct. An alternative oxygen arrangement, for which x-rays would not have been very sensitive, had been suspected. BaNiO2 was …

For a wide range of statistical experiments, we require a sequence of random variables [unintelligible], which have prescribed mean values μn and variances σn2, with a given autocorrelation ρt. The [unintelligible] are to be generated as a sequence of real functions of independent random numbers [unintelligible], each of which is uniformly distributed in. The reason for this choice of specification for the [unintelligible] is that most computers have standard subroutines which generate such uniform random (or pseudo-random) sequences.

The compound KrF4 was prepared by Grosse et al. by passing an electric discharge through the elements at -196°C. Evidence for formation of KrF2 has been obtained by Pimental and Turner by UV irradiation of the elements frozen into an inert gas matrix at 20°K. Using an electron beam to irradiate krypton and fluorine at -150°C, we have prepared KrF2 in 100mg amounts and examined some of its properties.

Though only recently established, this concept has been developing for a long time. More than thirty years ago Dubinin, Serebrovsky, and other, investigating the phenotypes of a number of "achaete-scute" alleles of Drosophilia melanogaster, found that the alleles could be arranged in a definite series accoding to bristle patters, and also that the heterozygotes lacked only those bristles which were affected in common by both participating alleles. They concluded that the serial classification of alleles according to bristle patters had its counterpart in a similar arrangement of portions of the achaete-scute gene locus. On this assumption they divided the locus into twelve elementary subunits. It was assumed that each allele arose by a change involving a certain combination of these centres. According to their theory, the achaete-scute locus is made up of separate, regularly spaced, and linearly arranged functional units. Several years later, Oliver described the occurrence of crossing over between two alleles of the "lozenge" locus. Then Green and a number of other workers analyzed similar phenomena in different regions of Drosophila chromosome. During the same period Lewis developed the theory of pseudoallelism, which interprets the occurrence of recombinants in interallelic crosses as the result of gene duplications. Thus …

The present communication reports the results of several investigations of magnetic structure and magnetic transitions currently in progress or recently completed at Brookhaven National Laboratory.

The vibrational spectra between 1000 and 30 cm-1, derived from measurements of the inelastic scattering of "cold" neutrons, are presented for isotactic polypropylene at samples temperatures below and above both the glass transition and the melting point. A tentative assignment of the observed modes is suggested by comparison with recent calculations by Miyazawa, Ideguchi, and Fukushima of the optically active phases of the fundamental vibrations for an isotactic helical polypropylene chain and with the neutron measurements of the low frequency modes in highly-crystalline polyethylene. In addition to the skeletal optical modes, the neutron spectra for isotactic polypropylene indicate the existence of two acoustic modes - skeletal deformation and skeletal torsion - with high frequency limits at 620 ± 50 cm-1 and 110 ± 10 cm-1, respectively. As in polyethylene, these modes appear to be strongly influenced by the presence and phase of the disorder in the sample. Similar spectra for atactic polypropylene above and below the glass transition show a much less pronounced structure, although weak bands are observed which correlate well with the skeletal optical modes observed in the isotactic polymer.

We have measured the rare gas isotopes in mineral concentrates of the Indarch meteorite. We obtained samples from C. Frondel, who crushed some of the meteorite into small particles mainly in the 44 to 88 micron size. He fractionated the minerals into groups according to specific gravity, using heavy liquids and magnetic techniques. The fraction with specific gravity less than 2.4 is approximately 95% tridymite and represents about 1% of the whole stone. The fraction with specific gravity between 2.4 and 2.8 contains calcium sulfide, calcium phosphate, two unidentified minerals, and tridymite and enstatite impurities. This fraction represents a few percent of the meteorite. The fraction with specific gravity between 2.8 and 3.3 consists largely of clinoenstatite and represents about 75% of the meteorite. The troilite is concentrated in the fraction with specific gravity greater than 3.3, and kamacite is concentrated in the magnetic fraction.

The purpose if this paper is to present tables of perturbed wave functions which have been obtained in three recent investigations: (1) wave functions v1'(nℓ→ℓ') which pertains to the perturbation of the d electrons of various ions as a result of the potential due to a nuclear quadrupole moment Q3 (2) wave functions v1',H(nℓ→ℓ) which represent the antishielding of the d electrons for a possible nuclear hexadecapole moment H; (3) wave functions u2'(ns→p) which pertain to the dipole perturbation of the valence (ns) electrons of the alkali atoms. Throughout this paper, the notation is the same as in a previous report in which a similar tabulation of perturbed wave function was made.

An air cored pulse deflection coil has been constructed for the Brookhaven AGS. The system produces a deflecting pulse with a peak radial deflection of 2.5 cms and duration of 70 microseconds. Beam spill duration of 15 to 50 microseconds from the target is readily achieved. One deflector has given satisfactory service for over a year and a second unit has been installed this summer.

A working definition of homeostasis is the following: the sum total of the processes which maintain a steady level of various substances or functions within a living baby. Our own concern will be with the homeostasis of trace metals. I will begin with a slide which shows the total body concentration of various metals, including "trace" ones. Only metallic constituents which play a role in the maintenance of the body's structure and function are shown. The essential trace metals among them are represented by black bars. Iron is both black and white. Indeed, if one excludes the fixed sequestered iron of myoglobin and of hemoglobin, one is left with a trace fraction of iron about which I will be talking later on. Note that the scale is logarithmic, indicating that the concentrations of essential metals in the body fall off sharply and smoothly.