Bench-scale pilot plant studies were conducted to evaluate chemical coagulation and ion exchange for decontamination of 2724-W laundry wastewater. Chemical coagulation is accomplished at pH 11 to avoid complexant problems and assure good transuranic radionuclide removals. Clinoptilolite is used to remove cesium and strontium. Results of the pilot plant studies are summarized as follows: Decontamination factors of 70 (strontium) and more than 100 (cesium) were achieved by chemical coagulation and ion exchange. Decontamination factors exceeding 90 were measured for europium by coagulation with a combination of ferric chloride, magnesium chloride, and calcium chloride added to the wastewater at pH 11. Coagulation with these three agents in the wastewater at pH 11 was more effective for turbidity removal than coagulation with lime. Addition of up to 1.7 lb of clinoptilolite fines per 1000 gallons of wastewater during coagulation did not substantially increase strontium and cesium removal. Filtration without chemical coagulation reduced suspended solids by only 25%. About 70% of the suspended solids remaining in the filtered wastewater were removed in the zeolite column causing plugging which could not be easily dislodged by backwashing. Plugging of the ion exchange columns by previously clarified wastewater required short periods of limited backwashing to relieve …

A 15-kilowatt, continuous-wave carbon dioxide laser was contracted to make partial-penetration welds in 6.35-and 12.7-mm-thick wrought depleted uranium plates. Welding power and speed ranged from 2.3 to 12.9 kilowatts and from 21 to 127 millimeters per second, respectively. Results show that depth-to-width ratios of at least unity are feasible. The overall characteristics of the process indicate it can produce welds resembling those made by the electron-beam welding process.

From July, 1974, to December, 1979, the Laboratory for Nuclear Service (LNS) conducted a study of the feasibility of resource sharing via general - purpose computer networks. Originally, the study focused on methods of implementing an ARPAnet connection for LNS in collaboration with the MIT Information Processing Center (IPC). When it appeared that the most feasible solution for LNS was to access the ARPANET via the MIT Multics system, the investigation expanded to a consideration of the implementation of computer resource sharing via networks. Experiments were performed at various ERDA installations on the ARPANET in using the networks for offloading large calcuations and obtaining access to unique hardware and software. Performance statistics were collected and cost comparisons, made. Both the benefits and barriers of networking were analyzed. The value of electronic mail, teleconferencing, and other forms of computer-aided communication was also investigated. The study demonstrated that resource sharing via networks can provide small computer installations access to computer facilities not available on site. However, it is not adequate substitute for an on-site computer. There must be enough computing power locally to service the average load. Certain types of computations are not effectively done on the network. Use of the network …

In the various laser-fusion concepts, an intense electromagnetic wave (the laser) must propagate through an underdense plasma region where it could decay, via the stimulated Raman instability, into a Langmuir plasma wave and a scattered electromagnetic wave. Results are obtained by evaluating the ''Green's function'' response in time and space for the scattered electromagnetic waves assuming they are initiated by a ''delta-function'' source. We consider the case where the temporal growth dominates the plasma wave convection. Then the scattered electromagnetic waves are governed by a single second-order Helmholtz differential equation, in the position variable along the density gradient, with a complex potential having two simple zeros (turning points) and one simple pole.

This report is an introduction to the CDC 7600 computer and to the Livermore Timesharing System (LTSS) used by the National Magnetic Fusion Energy Computer Center (NMFECC) and the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Computer Center (LLLCC or Octopus network) on their 7600's. This report is based on a document originally written specifically about the system as it is implemented at NMFECC but has been broadened to point out differences in implementation at LLLCC. It also contains information about LLLCC not relevant to NMFECC. This report is written for computational physicists who want to prepare large production codes to run under LTSS on the 7600's. The generalized discussion of the operating system focuses on creating and executing controllees. This document and its companion, UCID-17557, CDC 7600 LTSS Programming Stratagems, provide a basis for understanding more specialized documents about individual parts of the system.

The toxicology and metabolism of nickel compounds (NiCl/sub 2/, Ni/sub 3/S/sub 2/, NiS, Ni powder, and Ni(CO)/sub 4/) were investigated in rats. Results are summarized.

It was found that marine algae could be converted to higher aliphatic organic acids and that these acids could be readily removed from the fermentation broth by membrane or liquid-liquid extraction. It was then proposed to convert these higher organic acids to aliphatic hydrocarbons via Kolbe electrolysis, which may be used as a diesel fuel. A coenzyme M analogue, 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid has been shown to be an effective suppressor of methane in nonsterile anaerobic fermentation of cellulosic substrates. A tapered auger device has been designed and built which has been demonstrated on the bench to be effective for adding substrate and removing residue in a continuous manner from a fixed packed bed fermenter. A solvent extracter system using kerosene as the nonaqueous phase has been constructed and is currently in operation in series with the 300 liter fixed packed bed fermenter. The electrolytic oxidation of organic acids produced in the 300 liter fixed packed bed fermenter is operating with a favorable energy balance of 6/1 based on the applied potential. As stated earlier the liquid-liquid extractor system is operating in line with the 300 liter fixed packed bed fermentor. The other components of an integrated continuous system, the continuous feed …

High power pulse copper vapor laser systems consist of a master oscillator and numerous power amplifiers. Large systems used in laser isotope separation experiments require several automatic control systems. The rapid development of compact mini computers over the past several years has enabled the implementation of sophisticated computer controlled copper vapor laser systems. Present systems provide automatic time synchronization and input power stabilization. Future systems will incorporate semi-automatic start-up capabilities.

An initial survey of the literature produced a list of ceramic materials with properties which made them potential candidates for use in molten-carbonate fuel cell tiles or electrodes. Seven of the materials in the original list were dropped from consideration because of unfavorable thermodynamic properties; four materials were set aside because of high cost, lack of availability, or fabrication difficulties. Thirteen compositions were tested statically at 1000 K in a Li/sub 2/CO/sub 3/-K/sub 2/CO/sub 3/ bath under a dry CO/sub 2/ atmosphere. Only four of the materials tested showed severe degradation reactions in the molten carbonate. A low-temperature process for forming small diameter, high-aspect ratio ceramic fibers for fuel cell use has been developed. A short-term program to initiate a computer study on the thermodynamic analysis of fuel cell materials was initiated at Montana State University. The report on this program is included as Appendix B. The MHD and high-temperature fuel cell literature was surveyed, and material properties were evaluated to identify MHD materials with potential use for fuel cell applications. A technology transfer report of these findings was prepared. This report is included as Appendix A. Laboratory facilities were established to conduct research on interfacial diffusion processes which could …

The potential hazard to man arising from the hypothetical release of radioactive spent fuel waste into various water systems has been evaluated. Radionuclide transport and human exposure were simulated for six water systems: a large Northwestern river, a small Northeastern river, a small Northwestern river, a large Central Region river, a lake with no outflow in an arid region, and an aquifer discharging directly into an ocean.

Progress during July 1979 in the development of the TAAMM warhead is reported. The one gun test was unsuccessful due to the velocity augmentor misfiring. Analytical studies were performed to determine velocity augmentor optimization. Hardware for the optimum augmentor is being fabricated. The results of a series of shaped charge tests are reported. Some delay detonators have been obtained and will be tested. (LCL)

The impacts described here for 1985 and 1990 are based on a national energy projection which assumes medium energy demand and fuel supply through 1990 but does not incorporate the policies of the National Energy Act (NEA). This scenario, referred to as the Projection Series C or the TRENDLONG MID-MID scenario, is one of six possible energy futures developed by the DOE Energy Information Administration for the Department's 1977 Annual Report to Congress. It was chosen as representative of the official DOE national energy projections when this project was initiated, prior to the passage of the National Energy Act. Since the RIIA program is part of an ongoing review of the regional impact of energy policies, the next phase will examine the National Energy Act (NEA) and initiatives suggested by the President's second National Energy Plan. However, since coal utilization increases under the NEA, in general, impacts identified in the TRENDLONG Series C Scenario should provide a framework for the discussion of impacts by NEA. The environmental impacts discussed in this volume are for Federal Region I (Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut). However, there are nine companion volumes, one for each of the other Federal Regions.

This document presents an implementation structure for the near-term development of performance criteria and test methods for photovoltaic (PV) materials, components, subsystems, and systems. The approach is designed to be responsive to the Photovoltaic Research, Development and Demonstration Act of 1978 (PL-95-590). The project is organized into four tasks: (1) establishment of performance criteria and the development of test methods; (2) development of laboratory accreditation/product certification guidelines; (3) development of validation methodologies; and (4) coordination of the quality assurance effort with consensus standards and code organizations. A schedule and milestones are presented for each task. The appendices provide a brief overview of standards and the standards development process. The philosophy behind this project is to develop industry- and user-established performance criteria, test methods, and accreditation procedures which may then be referred to independent consensus standards organizations for the preparation of consensus standards. The emphasis in execution of this approach will be to develop uniform, fair performance criteria and tests and to avoid rigid, prescriptive criteria. Photovoltaics is an emerging technology; criteria written now must be able to accommodate devices and techniques not yet developed.

This appendix presents tabulated data used for evaluating the feasibility of retrofitting thermal power plants in the Detroit area so as to provide heat for a district heating system. (LCL)

Thermochemical equilibrium computations for the preparation of silicon (Si) by the reaction between sodium (Na), either liquid or vapor, with silicon tetrafluoride (SiF/sub 4/) and silicon tetrachloride (SiCl/sub 4/) are presented. Computations indicate that SiF/sub 4/ reacts with either liquid or gaseous Na to produce temperatures sufficiently high to form molten Si. Liquid Na reacts with SiF/sub 4/ to produce substantially higher Si yields than does the free combustion reaction with Na vapor; however, the Na vapor/SiF/sub 4/ reaction, if temperature-constrained at the Si melting point, produces an expected Si yield close to 100%. A stoichiometric mixture of liquid Na and SiCl/sub 4/ vapor reacts to produce liquid Si, gaseous sodium chloride (NaCl), and a small concentration of Si subhalides. Gaseous Na, however, reacts with SiCl/sub 4/ to form entirely gaseous reaction products and a high yield of Si (liquid) but subhalide concentrations are greater than when liquid Na is used. The reactions of a number of impurity elements in Na, during the course of the Na-Si halide reaction, have been described. Of those considered, only calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and strontium (Sr) are expected to co-exist to any extent in Na vapor and none is expected to …

A computer-assisted thermochemical equilibrium analysis was conducted for the silicon transport reaction: Si(s) + SiF/sub 4/(g) = (intermediates) = Si(s) + SiF/sub 4/(g). The calculations indicated that a substantial transport rate should be possible at temperatures of 1700/sup 0/K and one atmosphere pressure. Computations were made to determine whether the elemental impurities present in metallurgical-grade silicon would transfer in this process. It was concluded that aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, and zirconium would not transfer, but that boron, magnesium, phosphorus, and titanium would transfer.

This report is the first in a series and details the results accomplished under the following tasks: (1) evaluation of existing passive solar calculation methods, (2) BLAST/DOE-1 program interface and comparison with BR-202, and (3) development of analytic relationships between the thermal balance and weighting factor techniques. The various methods available for use in thermal load analysis are presented with detailed informaton on algorithms used in the thermal balance and weighting factor techniques. (MOW)

This summary report presents a condensation of the designs as developed from requirements and concept selection to preliminary design. The study consists of the following six tasks: (1) Design requirements: establish design environmental conditions and criteria. Develop methodology to both assess SKSS reliability and performance, and minimize life cycle costs. (2) Conceptual design: develop at least two SKSS conceptual designs for both barge and spar platform (eight in all). Consider commercial plant SKSS, verify feasibility, define problem areas, estimate life cycle cost. Develop deployment, operation and maintenance scenarios. Recommend an SKSS concept for each platform. (3) Preliminary design; prepare preliminary designs for two SKSS concepts selected by NOAA/DOE. Optimize the designs, provide deployment and retrieval procedures, support requirements, evaute reliability and performance. Assess effects of watch circle and water depth variation. (4) Development and testing recommendations: recommend programs required to confirm design assumptions and performance predictions, including material and component development, and soils investigation. Estimate cost and schedule required to perform these programs. (5) Cost-time analysis: develop a detailed cost and schedule for the acquisition, transportation, deployment, inspection, maintenance, spares, replacement and salvage for the SKSS designs. (6) Commercial plant SKSS recommendations: assess applicability of designs to commercial plant SKSS. …

An analytical treatment related to the generation of space specific weighting factors is presented using a recursion relationship which employs a heat balance of both the outside and inside surface. After which the multizone problem is discussed, the analysis of which is facilitated through the use of the calculated weighting factors. The use of frequency domain methods is detailed such that the amplitude ratio and phase shift characteristics for a sinusoidal excitation are derived for the thermal load resulting from radiation heat gain/loss and space air temperature fluctuations. The results of a parametric study related to variable floor properties, radiation distributions and space sizes are presented. The weighting factors generated for each perturbation were used to define the expected differences in space response characteristics. Additional studies made using methods available for use in calculating thermal loads without the program peculiar aspects inherent in the first comparison. The Appendix, in addition to containing the tabulated results of the parametric study, also includes a specific discussion for each of the tasks outlined within the statement of work.

State and federal tax treatment as an incentive to development and non-tax financial incentives such as: the federal geothermal loan guarantee program, the federal geothermal reservoir insurance, and state financial incentives are discussed. (MHR)

The MHD and high-temperature fuel cell literature was surveyed for data pertaining to materials properties in order to identify materials used in MHD power generation which also might be suitable for component use in high-temperature fuel cells. Classes of MHD-electrode materials evaluated include carbides, nitrides, silicides, borides, composites, and oxides. Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/-stabilized ZrO/sub 2/ used as a reference point to evaluate materials for use in the solid-oxide fuel cell. Physical and chemical properties such as electrical resistivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, and thermodynamic stability toward oxidation were used to screen candidate materials. A number of the non-oxide ceramic MHD-electrode materials appear promising for use in the solid-electrolyte and molten-carbonate fuel cell as anodes or anode constituents. The MHD-insulator materials appear suitable candidates for electrolyte-support tiles in the molten-carbonate fuel cells. The merits and possible problem areas for these applications are discussed and additional needed areas of research are delineated.

The objective of this research project is to investigate a geothermal anomaly of high heat flow discovered in 1969 in central Montana, and to determine how this natural resource might be developed as a source of useful energy. Under Phase I, the natural resource will be explored, drilled, and modeled at an estimated cost of $2,588,935 over a 3-year period. Phase II, depending upon the nature of the heat source, will be developing the resource under a cooperative effort of government and private industry. This environmental analysis is intended to cover the drilling and logging operations noted under Phase I, the only work being undertaken at this time. As can be seen from Figure 1, further tests may be run at this site in later phases of the study. But since the nature of these tests are highly dependent on the results of Phase I, it is not considered productive to speculate on their environmental impact. As is show, however, any later experiments would cover a range of underground experiments, some of which consume water and others which would produce water. Before a meaningful analysis of such work can be written, it will be necessary to analyze the results of …

This report includes selected references of United States-Latin American Relations from 1960-1970, with Annotations.

Thermal energy storage (TES) technologies and their applications are discussed. The markets and commercialization status and potential are explored. ERDA TES program plans are presented. It is concluded that the only TES systems ready for immediate commercialization are storage water heating and space heating charged with off-peak electricity. All that is needed for commercialization to occur is the introduction of appropriate split electricity rates or load management contracts. In the near-term, solar water heating and space heating, electric utility TES and TES space cooling with off-peak electricity may prove economic. Technology for these systems is available now or will be soon. The most promising of these is TES space cooling for commercial buildings where the economies of scale may make the systems very attractive. Again, electric rate structures must be altered for commercialization to occur. Increasing energy costs and tax incentives will help commercialize solar systems. The systems also must be proven reliable and performance accurately predicted for general market acceptance to occur. More research must be done on seasonal storage, industrial uses of TES, heat battery powered vehicles and solar thermal power for electrical generation to determine their commercial potential. Of these, current estimates for heat vehicles are the …