The reactions of diagonal and lateral Cp'Re(CO)2Br2 (where Cp' = n5-C5H5, n5-C5Me5) and (n5-CgH7)Re(CO)3 with reducing agents have been examined. Hydride reduction at -78 °C is observed to occur at the Cp ring in both CpRe(CO)2Br2 isomers, affording a thermally unstable [(n4 -C5Hg)Re(CO)2Br2]- complex. The product of hydride ring attack has been characterized by low-temperature IR and 1H NMR measurements in addition to 13C NOE and heteronuclear 2D NMR measurements. Reaction of lateral CpRe(CO)2Br2 with either MeLi or PhLi affords both Cp-ring attack and metalhalogen exchange, [CpRe(CO)2Br]- (1) while t-BuLi reacts exclusively via metal-halogen exchange. diag-CpRe(CO)2Br2 reacts with the above lithium reagents to yield the same metal-halogen exchange anion. Analogous reactions using diag- and lat-Cp*Re(CO)2Br2 (where Cp* = n5-CgMe5) afford only the corresponding rhenium metal-halogen exchange anion, [Cp*Re(CO)2Br] (2). The molecular structures of 1-[Li/15-Crown-5] and 2-PPP were established by X-ray crystallography. 1-[Li/15-Crown-5] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 with a = 10.860(4) A, b = 13.116(5) A, c = 7.417(3) A, B = 105.26(3)0, V = 1018.7(3) A3 , and Z = 2. 2-PPP crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with a = 20.646(5) A, b = 17.690(5) A, c = 17.553(3) A, and z = 8. Solution …

Thermal and flash photolysis studies of ligand-substitution reactions of cis-(pip)(L)M(CO)_4 by L' (pip = piperidine; L, L' = CO, phosphines, phosphites; M = Cr, Mo) implicate square-pyramidal [(L)M(CO)_4], in which L occupies a coordination site in the equatorial plane, as the reactive species. In chlorobenzene (= CB) solvent, the predominant species formed after flash photolysis and a steady-state intermediate for the thermal reaction is cis—[(CB)(L)M(CO)_4], for which rates of CB-dissociation increase with increasing steric demands of coordinated L. Rates of CB-dissociation from trans-[(CB)(L)M(CO)_4] intermediates, formed after photolysis but not thermally, exhibit no observable dependence on the steric properties of the coordinated L.

Pyrolysis-capillary gas chromatography combined with FID, ECD and MS detection were used to characterize refuse-derived fuel and aquatic fulvic acids. Different pyrolysis methods and programs were evaluated. Pyrolysis temperatures of 700-800°C produced the strongest signal for organics present in RDF and fulvic acid. Cellulose and fatty acids pyrolyzates were identifiable by GC-MS following preparative pyrolysis fractionation. At organic chloride content of 0.023%, only three halogenated compounds were detected in the GC-MS of the fractions. None of the priority pollutants were detected at lower detection limit of 0.72 to 24 mg/ kg RDF. Selective solvent extraction improves the reproduciblities of the technique and allows the detection of polymeric structures. Pyrograms of polyvinyl chloride and regular typing paper showed some common peaks that are present in the RDF pyrogram. About 65% of the peaks in the RDF pyrogram might be of paper origin. The organic chloride content of the RDF was evaluated by ion chromatography of the trapped pyrolyzates in 2% NaOH trap and it was found to be 221 mg Cl/ kg dry RDF. Pyrolysis conditions and temperature programs for FA were systematically evaluated. Samples included purified FA, methylated FA and HPLC separated fractions. Characteristic pyrograms were developed. Profiles of benzene, …

Thermal reactions and flash photolysis are used to study the olefin bond-migration promoted by tungsten carbonyls. Substitution of piperidine (pip) by 2- allylphenyldiphenylphosphine (adpp) in the cis-(pip)(η^1- adpp)W(CO)-4 complex was investigated, and no olefin bond-migration was observed. This suggests that a vacant coordinated site adjacent to the coordinated olefin is an essential requirement for olefin bond rearrangement. The rates of olefin attack on the photogenerated coordinatively unsaturated species, cis-[(CB)(η^1-ol- P)W(CO)-4] (CB = chlorobenzene, p-ol = Ph-2P(CH-2)-3CH=CH-2; n = 1-4) were measured. Kinetics data obtained both in pure CB and in CB/cyclohexane mixtures support a dissociative mechanism in which the W-CB bond is broken in the transition state. In contrast to results observed in studies of other related systems, no olefin bond-migration is noted. This observation is attributed to P-W coordination at all stages of the reaction, which precludes formation of a reactive intermediate containing a vacant coordination site adjacent to a P-ol bond.

During recent years most of the successful developments in pyrethroids have been primarily concerned with structural or compositional variations. As a part of our continuing interest in pyrethroid insecticides, nitrogen-containing compounds having pyrethroid-like structures were synthesized. Seven prolinate compounds, N-(substituted)-phenyl-prolinates and N-carbobenzoxy-prolinates were coupled with known pyrethroid alcohols. These structural variations which "locked in" a specific conformation between the nitrogen and chiral a-carbon in the acid moiety of fluvalinate were studied to determine the influence of certain conformations on insecticidal toxicity. The toxicity data for the prolinate compounds showed intermediate mortality against nonresistant cockroaches. It was concluded that the conformation imposed by the proline ring portion of the esters was probably close to the favored conformation for interaction of fluvalinate-like pyrethroids with the insect receptor site. A second series of nitrogen-containing compounds, twenty-five carbamate esters resulting from the condensation of N-isopropyl-(substituted)-anilines and N-alkyl-(substituted)-benzylamines with appropriate pyrethroid alcohols were studied for insecticidal activity. These studies were conducted on pyrethroid-susceptible houseflies. Some of the carbamate esters exhibited high toxicity when synergized by piperonyl butoxide. For example, the toxicity ( LD 50 ) of O-a-cyano-3-phenoxyfaenzyl-N-a,a-dimethyl-4-bromo-benzyl carbamate was 0.012 ug/g, which is significantly greater than that reported for the potent pyrethroid, fenvalerate. Correlations of …

One objective of this study was to explore the intramolecular [2+2] cycloadditions of phenoxyketenes to carbonyl groups with isoflavones and benzofurans as target compounds. The other objective was to investigate the eyeloaddition reactions of rarely studied aminoketenes. The conversion of 2-(carboxyalkoxy)benzils to the corresponding phenoxyketenes leads to an intramolecular [2+2] cycloaddition to ultimately yield isoflavones and/or 3-aroylbenzofurans. The product distributions are dependent upon the substitution pattern in the original benzil acids. The initial cycloaddition products, β-lactones, are isolated in some instances while some β-lactones spontaneously underwent decarboxylation and could not be isolated. The ketene intermediate was demonstrated in the intramolecular reaction of benzil acids or ketoacids with sodium acetate and acetic anhydride. It is suggested that sodium acetate and acetic anhydride could serve as a source for the generation of ketenes directly from certain organic acids. The treatment of ketoacids with acetic anhydride and sodium acetate provides a simpler procedure to prepare benzofurans than going through the acid chloride with subsequent triethylamine dehydrochlorination to give the ketenes. N-Ary1-N-alkylaminoketenes were prepared for the first time from the corresponding glycine derivatives by using p-toluenesulfonyl chloride and triethylamine. These aminoketenes underwent in situ cycloadditions with cyclopentadiene, cycloheptene and cyclooctenes to yield only the …

Methods of determining the aqueous solubilities of twelve chlorinated benzenes were evaluated in pure and in different water matrices. In pure water, results were comparable with the calculated values. Higher chlorinated tetrachlorobenzenes (TeCBs), pentachlorobenzenes (PCBz), and hexachlorobenzenes (HCBs) gave better precision and accuracy than lower chlorinated monochlorobenzenes (MCBs), dichlorobenzenes (DCBs), or trichlorobenzenes (TCBs).

The structures of Diels-Alder cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene to 2,6-dimethyl-p-benzoquinone and methylcyclopentadiene to 2,6-dimethyl-p-benzoquinone were assigned by analysis of 1-D and 2-D proton and carbon-13 NMR spectra. The structures of the cycloadduct of methylcyclopentadiene to 2,6-dimethyl-p-benzoquinone and that of the corresponding intramolecular [2+2] photocyclization product were also obtained by single crystal X-ray structural analysis. As the second part of the study, a new polycyclic "cage" molecule, a substituted trishomocubane isomer, was synthesized. In this synthesis, reductive bond cleavage followed by Dieckmann condensation was employed. Wolff-Kishner reduction then was used to convert a β-keto ester "cage" molecule to the corresponding carboxylic acid. A compound that possesses twofold symmetry was isolated from reaction product mixture. The structure of this compound has been established by single crystal X-ray crystallography.

The synthetic studies include the synthesis of the cyclic siloxydiyne, 3,3,5,5,8,8,10,10-octamethyl-4,9-dioxa-3,5,8,10-tetrasilacyclodeca-1,6- diyne [VI] and its novel iron carbonyl complex. In the preparation of [VI] by HBr promoted condensation of bis (methoxydimethylsilyl) acetylene, a minor product, a cyclic trimer was always formed along with the major product [VI]. No evidence of an equilibrium between the trimerization product and the dimerization product was found. Compound [VI] can react with iron carbonyl reagents to produce a novel binuclear iron complex of trimethylenemethane [VII] in very low yield either in a thermal or photo-reaction. The key step proposed by us in the formation of [VII] is a I,2-silyl shift in a complexed bis (silyl) acetylene to form a vinylidene intermediate. Experiments aimed at isolating this intermediate were not successful.

The synthesis of a novel, cage spiro-oxetane was carried out. Pentacyclo[5.4.0.0^2,6.0^3,10.0^5,9]undecane-8- one (PCUD-8-one) undergoes one-carbon homologation to a mixture of endo- and exo- PCUD-carboxaldehydes which then are converted into 8,8-bis(hydroxymethyl)PCUD. The monotosylate obtained via reaction of 8,8- bis(hydroxymethyl)PCUD with tosyl chloride(1 equivalent) reacts with sodium hydride to afford the corresponding spiro-oxetane via intramolecular Williamson reaction. Six new substituted heptacyclo[6.6.0.0^2,6.0^3,13.0^4,11. 0^5,9.0^10,14]tetradecanes (HCTD) were synthesized. These compounds will be used as substrates in a photoelectron spectroscopic study. The ring-expansion reaction of PCUD-8-one with ethyl diazoacetate in the presence of BF_3:OEt_2 was performed. The major product was converted into an alcohol, and the structure of the 3,5-dinitrobenzoate of this alcohol was elucidated by single crystal x-ray structural analysis.