The purpose of this paper is to examine certain questions concerning infinite series. The first chapter introduces several basic definitions and theorems from calculus. In particular, this chapter contains the proofs for various convergence tests for series of real numbers. The second chapter deals primarily with the equivalence of absolute convergence, unconditional convergence, bounded multiplier convergence, and c0 multiplier convergence for series of real numbers. Also included in this chapter is a proof that an unconditionally convergent series may be rearranged so that it converges to any real number desired. The third chapter contains a proof of the Silverman-Toeplitz Theorem together with several applications.

The purpose of this paper is to define and develop a set of functions of an area in such a manner as to be analogous to the trigonometric and the hyperbolic functions.

This paper develops an integral for Lebesgue measurable functions mapping from the interval [0, 1] into a Banach space.

The purpose of this thesis is to study the concept of completeness in an ordered field. Several conditions which are necessary and sufficient for completeness in an ordered field are examined. In Chapter I the definitions of a field and an ordered field are presented and several properties of fields and ordered fields are noted. Chapter II defines an Archimedean field and presents several conditions equivalent to the Archimedean property. Definitions of a complete ordered field (in terms of a least upper bound) and the set of real numbers are also stated. Chapter III presents eight conditions which are equivalent to completeness in an ordered field. These conditions include the concepts of nested intervals, Dedekind cuts, bounded monotonic sequences, convergent subsequences, open coverings, cluster points, Cauchy sequences, and continuous functions.

Euclid's geometry is well-known for its theorems concerning triangles and circles. Less popular are the contents of the tenth book, in which geometry is a means to study quantity in general. Commensurability and rational quantities are first principles, and from them are derived at least eight species of irrationals. A recently republished work by Johannes Kepler contains examples using polygons to illustrate these species. In addition, figures having these quantities in their construction form solid shapes (polyhedra) having origins though Platonic philosophy and Archimedean works. Kepler gives two additional polyhedra, and a simple means for constructing the “divine” proportion is given.

This paper is an investigation of several basic properties of ordered Abelian groups, valuations, the relationship between valuation rings, valuations, and their value groups and valuation rings. The proofs to all theorems stated without proof can be found in Zariski and Samuel, Commutative Algebra, Vol. I, 1858. In Chapter I several basic theorems which are used in later proofs are stated without proof, and we prove several theorems on the structure of ordered Abelian groups, and the basic relationships between these groups, valuations, and their valuation rings in a field. In Chapter II we deal with valuation rings, and relate the structure of valuation rings to the structure of their value groups.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore some of the characteristics of 0-simple semigroups and completely 0-simple semigroups.

In this paper the Cartesian product topology for an arbitrary family of topological spaces and some of its basic properties are defined. The space is investigated to determine which of the separation properties of the component spaces are invariant.

Axioms for a topological space are generally based on neighborhoods where "neighborhood" is an undefined term. Then, limit points are defined in terms of neighborhoods. However, limit points seem to be the basic concept of a topological space, rather than neighborhoods. For this reason, it will be attempted to state a set of axioms for a topological space, using limit point as the undefined concept, and to delete the idea of neighborhoods from the theory.

One of the classic theorems concerning the real numbers states that every open cover of a closed and bounded subset of the real line contains a finite subcover. Compactness is an abstraction of that notion, and there are several ideas concerning it which are equivalent and many which are similar. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the more important of these ideas. This synthesis is accomplished by demonstrating either situations in which two ordinarily different conditions are equivalent or combinations of two or more properties which will guarantee a third.

The primary purpose of this thesis is to give a substantial generalization of the set of integers Z, where particular emphasis is given to number theoretic questions such as that of unique factorization. The origin of the thesis came from a study of a special case of generalized integers called the Gaussian Integers, namely the set of all complex numbers in the form n + mi, for m,n in Z. The main generalization involves what are called algebraic integers.

This thesis explores some results of two topological spaces.

The study of metric spaces is closely related to the study of topology in that the study of metric spaces concerns itself, also, with sets of points and with a limit point concept based on a function which gives a "distance" between two points. In some topological spaces it is possible to define a distance function between points in such a way that a limit point of a set in the topological sense is also a limit point of the same set in a metric sense. In such a case the topological space is "metrizable". The real numbers with its usual topology is an example of a topological space which is metrizable, the distance function being the absolute value of the difference of two real numbers. Chapters II and III of this thesis attempt to classify, to a certain extent, what type of topological space is metrizable. Chapters IV and V deal with several properties of metric spaces and certain functions of metric spaces, respectively.

This paper is a study of continue and related metric spaces, Chapter I is an introductory chapter. Irreducible continua and noncut points are the main topics in Chapter II. The third chapter begins with a few results on locally connected spaces. These results are then used to prove results in locally connected continua. Decomposable and indecomposable continua are dealt with in Chapter IV. Totally disconnected metric spaces are studied in the beginning of Chapter V. Then we see that every compact metric space is a continuous image of the Cantor set. A continuous map from the Cantor set onto [0,1] is constructed. Also, a continuous map from [0,1] onto [0,1]x[0,1] is built, Then an order preserving homeomorphism is constructed from a metric arc onto [0,1],

The purpose of this chapter is to develop a form of a "free" Boolean algebra with Σ as a base, by imposing the usual Boolean operations on the set Σ and thus generating new elements freely within explicitly prescribed restrictions.

Several basic topics from Algebraic Topology, including fundamental group and universal covering space are shown. The hyperbolic plane is defined, including its metric and show what the "straight" lines are in the plane and what the isometries are on the plane. A hyperbolic surface is defined, and shows that the two hole torus is a hyperbolic surface, the hyperbolic plane is a universal cover for any hyperbolic surface, and the quotient space of the universal cover of a surface to the group of automorphisms on the covering space is equivalent to the original surface.

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a study of linear spaces with special emphasis of linear transformations, norms, and inner products.

This thesis examines random variables of one dimension.

This paper presents an introduction to the theory of ideals in a ring with emphasis on ideals in a commutative ring with identity.

The purpose of this thesis is to construct the homology groups of a complex over an R-module. The thesis begins with hyperplanes in Euclidean n-space. Simplexes and complexes are defined, and orientations are given to each simplex of a complex. The chains of a complex are defined, and each chain is assigned a boundary. The function which assigns to each chain a boundary defines the set of r-dimensional cycles and the set of r—dimensional bounding cycles. The quotient of those two submodules is the r-dimensional homology group.

This thesis discusses groups, modules, the module of homomorphisms, and extension of modules.

Thermodynamical formalism is a relatively recent area of pure mathematics owing a lot to some classical notions of thermodynamics. On this thesis we state and prove some of the main results in the area of thermodynamical formalism. The first chapter is an introduction to ergodic theory. Some of the main theorems are proved and there is also a quite thorough study of the topology that arises in Borel probability measure spaces. In the second chapter we introduce the notions of topological pressure and measure theoretic entropy and we state and prove two very important theorems, Shannon-McMillan-Breiman theorem and the Variational Principle. Distance expanding maps and their connection with the calculation of topological pressure cover the third chapter. The fourth chapter introduces Gibbs states and the very important Perron-Frobenius Operator. The fifth chapter establishes the connection between pressure and geometry. Topological pressure is used in the calculation of Hausdorff dimensions. Finally the sixth chapter introduces the notion of conformal measures.

This thesis is a study of some properties of prime ideals in commutative rings with unity.

Gives the basic definitions and theorems of similar partially ordered sets; studies finite partially ordered sets, including the problem of combinatorial analysis; and includes the ideas of complete, dense, and continuous partially ordered sets, including proofs.