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Picosecond Measurement of Nonlinear Diffusion and Recombination Processes in Germanium
A variation of the excite-and-probe technique is used to measure the picosecond evolution of laser-induced transient gratings that are produced in germanium by the direct absorption of 40 psec optical pulses at 1.06-μm. Grating lifetimes are determined for free carrier densities between 10¹⁸ cm⁻³ and 10²¹ cm⁻³ . For carrier densities less than 10¹⁹ cm⁻³ , a linear diffusion-recombination model for the grating provides a good fit to the experimental data and allows the extraction of the diffusion coefficient and an estimation of the linear recombination lifetime. Above carrier densities of approximately 10²⁰ cm⁻³ , the density dependence of the diffusion coefficient and nonlinear recombination processes must be considered. Numerical solutions to the resulting nonlinear partial differential equation are obtained that allow extraction of information concerning the high density diffusion coefficient and the nonlinear recombination rates.
Date:
May 1981
Creator:
Moss, Steven Charles
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Electron-Ion Time-of-Flight Coincidence Measurements of K-K Electron Capture, Cross Sections for Nitrogen, Methane, Ethylene, Ethane, Carbon Dioxide and Argon (L-K) Targets
Protons with energies ranging from 0.4 to 2.0 MeV were used to measure K-shell vacancy production cross sections (oVK) for N_2, CH_4, C_2H_4, C_2H_6, and CO_2 gas targets under single collision conditions. An electron-ion time-of-flight coincidence technique was used to determind the ration of the K-K electron capture cross section, OECK, to the K-vacancy production cross section, oVK. These ratios were then combined with the measured values of oVK to extract the K-K electron capture cross sections. Measurements were also made for protons of the same energy range but with regard to L-shell vacancy production and L-K electron capture for Ar targets. In addition, K-K electron capture cross sections were measured for 1.0 to 2.0 Mev 42He^_ ions on CH_4.
Date:
May 1986
Creator:
Toten, Arvel D.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Investigation of the Interaction of CO Laser Radiation with n-InSb
The Shubnikov-de Haas magneto-resistance oscillations and photoconductivity were experimentally studied in order to investigate the interaction of CO laser radiation with n-InSb at liquid helium temperatures. The roles of various absorption mechanisms on these effects were considered, particularly near the intrinsic band edge. From these measurements an effective electron temperature Tₑ was defined that increased or decreased under illumination, depending upon the strength of the applied electric field.
Date:
December 1982
Creator:
Hanes, Larry Kenneth
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Effect of Intervalence-Band Absorption, Auger Recombination, Surface Recombination, Diffusion and Carrier Cooling on the Picosecond Dynamics of Laser-Induced Plasmas in Germanium
The picosecond optical response of germanium is investigated by performing excitation-probe experiments on a thin, intrinsic-germanium wafer maintained at 135 K. The results of three distinct experiments are reported: (1) the transmission of a single pulse is measured as a function of irradiance, (2) the probe transmission is measured at a fixed time after excitation as a function of the excitation energy, and (3) the transmission of a probe pulse is monitored as a function of time after excitation. These experiments employ 10-picosecond laser pulses at 1.06 um and Stokes-shifted pulses at 1.55-um.
Date:
May 1983
Creator:
Lindle, James Ryan
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Parametric Studies of Picosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown in Fused Quartz and NaCl
Bulk laser-induced breakdown and self-focusing in single samples of fused quartz and NaCl were examined using picosecond optical pulses at 1.0 ym and 0.5 ym. The results of three separate but related experiments are reported. First the nonlinear index of refraction, n2, of each of the test materials is measured near the respective damage thresholds of the samples. The values of 1*2 were determined by detecting beam distortions in the far field, transmitted laser beam profile caused by the irradiance dependent index of refraction. The experimental traces were compared to theoretical beam profiles generated by a nonlinear propagation code and n2 was extracted from the resulting fits.
Date:
December 1984
Creator:
Williams, William Ely
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Operator Gauge Transformations in Nonrelativistic Quantum Electrodynamics
A system of nonrelativistic charged particles and radiation is canonically quantized in the Coulomb gauge and Maxwell's equations in quantum electrodynamics are derived. By requiring form invariance of the Schrodinger equation under a space and time dependent unitary transformation, operator gauge transformations on the quantized electromagnetic potentials and state vectors are introduced. These gauge transformed potentials have the same form as gauge transformations in non-Abelian gauge field theories. A gauge-invariant method for solving the time-dependent Schrodinger equation in quantum electrodynamics is given. Maxwell's equations are written in a form which holds in all gauges and which has formal similarity to the equations of motion of non-Abelian gauge fields. A gauge-invariant derivation of conservation of energy in quantum electrodynamics is given. An operator gauge transformation is made to the multipolar gauge in which the potentials are expressed in terms of the electromagnetic fields. The multipolar Hamiltonian is shown to be the minimally coupled Hamiltonian with the electromagnetic potentials in the multipolar gauge. The model of a charged harmonic oscillator in a single-mode electromagnetic field is considered as an example. The gauge-invariant procedure for solving the time-dependent Schrodinger equation is used to obtain the gauge-invariant probabilities that the oscillator is in an …
Date:
December 1982
Creator:
Gray, Raymond Dale
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Photoconductivity Investigation of Two-Photon Magneto-Absorption, PACRH, and Deep Levels in n-InSb
A high resolution photoconductivity investigation of two 13 -3 photon magneto-absorption (TPMA) in n-InSb (n - 9 x 10 cm ) has been performed. This is the first time that two-photon absorption in a semiconductor has been studied with cw lasers only. With a stable cw CC>2 laser and a highly sensitive sampling and magnetic field modulation technique, a minimum of 4 2 transitions in the TPMA photoconductivity spectra can be observed. Most of these transitions are a result of the usual spherical approximation TPMA selections rules (An =0, ±2; As = 0 for e ⊥ B and Δn = 0; Δs = 0 for e || B) . However, some transitions, in particular several near the TPMA band edge, are not explained by these rules. The TPMA spectra have been found to depend upon crystallographic orientation. This has not been previously observed. The temperature variation of the fundamental energy gap Eg between 2 and 100° K is also obtained from TPMA experiments.
Date:
May 1982
Creator:
Goodwin, Mike Watson
System:
The UNT Digital Library
L-shell X-ray production cross sections of ₂₉Cu, ₃₂Ge, ₃₇Rb, ₃₈Sr, and ₃₉Y and M-shell X-ray production cross sections of ₇₉Au, ₈₂Pb, ₈₃Bi, ₉₀Th, and ₉₂U by 70-200 keV protons
L-shell x-ray production cross sections have been measured for thin targets of 29Cu, 32Ge, 37Rb, 38Sr, and 39Y. M-shell x-ray production cross sections have been measured for thin targets of 79Au, 82Pb, 83Bi, 90Th, and 92U. All targets were irradiated with a beam of H+ ions with energies in a range from 70 to 200 keV. Experimental cross sections are compared to other measurements at higher energies and to first Born (Plane Wave Born Approximation for direct ionization and Oppenheimer-Brinkman-Kramers-Nikolaev approximation for electron capture) and the ECPSSR (Energy loss, Coulomb deflection, Perturbed Stationary State calculations with Relativistic effects) theoretical cross sections.
Date:
August 1989
Creator:
Gressett, David
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Low-Velocity K-Shell Ionization Cross Sections for Protons, Deuterons and Alpha Particles Bombarding Thin Metal Targets
The purpose of this work was to examine the effect of the use the assumption κω2K/ΕCM «1 in calculating K-shell ionization cross sections in the plane wave Born approximation (PWBA) where κω2K is the observed binding energy of the K-shell and ECM is the energy of the incident particle in the center of mass system. Avoiding this assumption produces a threshold for ionization at Ecm = κω2K. Calculations employing the assumption, which leads to the use of approximate limits of integration, do not go to zero for even the .Lowest values of the incident energy.
Date:
May 1981
Creator:
Rice, Roger Karl
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Anomalous Behavior in the Rotational Spectra of the v₈=2 and the v₈=3 Vibrations for the ¹³C and ¹⁵N Tagged Isotopes of the CH₃CN Molecule in the Frequency Range 17-95 GHz
The rotational microwave spectra of the three isotopes (^13CH_3^12C^15N, ^12CH_3^13C^15N, and ^13CH_3^13C^15N) of the methyl cyanide molecule in the v_8=3, v_8=2, v_7=1 and v_4=1 vibrational energy levels for the rotational components 1£J£5 (for a range of frequency 17-95 GHz.) were experimentally and theoretically examined. Rotational components in each vibration were measured to determine the mutual interactions in each vibration between any of the vibrational levels investigated. The method of isotopic substitution was employed for internal tuning of each vibrational level by single and double substitution of ^13C in the two sites of the molecule. It was found that relative frequencies within each vibration with respect to another vibration were shifted in a systematic way. The results given in this work were interpreted on the basis of these energy shifts. Large departure between experimentally measured and theoretically predicted frequency for the quantum sets (J, K=±l, ϑ=±1), Kϑ-l in the v_8=3 vibrational states for the ^13c and ^15N tagged isotopes of CH_3CN showed anomalous behavior which was explained as being due to Fermi resonance. Accidently strong resonances (ASR) were introduced to account for some departures which were not explained by Fermi resonance.
Date:
December 1990
Creator:
Al-Share, Mohammad A. (Mohammad Abdel)
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Size Effect on the Galvanomagnetic Properties of a Semiconductor
A theory is developed to explain the dependence of carrier transport in a thin semiconducting film on film thickness, magnetic field strength, and the dominant bulk scattering mechanism. This theory is based on the solution of the linearized Boltzmann equation in relaxation time form. The semiconductor is assumed to be bounded and nondegenerate with spherical energy surfaces and a scalar effective mass, It is also assumed to be flat banded with totally diffuse scattering at the surface. Classical Boltzmann statistics are used for equilibrium. The dependence of the relaxation time on the carrier energy is approximated by a power law equation. The principle improvement over similar theories is the treatment of the dependence of the relaxation time on carrier energy. The power law approximation for this dependence is valid for randomizing and elastic scattering mechanisms.
Date:
August 1980
Creator:
Smith, V. Devon (Vernon Devon)
System:
The UNT Digital Library
L- and M-Shell X-Ray Production Cross Sections of Neodymium Gadolinium, Holmium, Ytterbium, Gold and Lead by 25-MeV Carbon and 32-MeV Oxygen Ions
L- and M-shell x-ray production cross sections have been measured for thin solid targets of neodymium, gadolinium, holmium, ytterbium, gold, and lead by 25 MeV 12/6C^q+ (q=4,5,6) and by 32 MeV 16/8O^q+ (q=5,7,8). The cross sections were determined from measurements made with thin targets (< 2.5 μg/cm2). For projectiles with one or two K-shell vacancies, the target x-ray production cross sections were found to be enhanced over those for projectiles without a K-shell vacancy. The sum of direct ionization to the continuum (DI) plus electron capture (EC) to the L, M, N... shells and EC to the K-shell of the projectile have been extracted from the data. The results are compared to the predictions of first Born theories, i.e., plane wave Born approximation for DI and Oppenheimer-Brinkman-Kramers formula of Nikolaev for EC and to the ECPSSR approach that accounts for Energy loss and Coulomb deflection of the projectile as well as for Relativistic and Perturbed Stationary States of inner shell electrons.
Date:
August 1987
Creator:
Andrews, Mike C., 1949-
System:
The UNT Digital Library
CO₂-Laser Induced Hot Electron Magneto-Transport Effects in n-InSb
The effects of optical heating via infrared free carrier absorption on the electron magneto-transport properties of n-InSb at helium temperatures have been studied for the first time. Oscillatory photoconductivity (OPC) type structure is seen in the photon energy dependence of the transport properties. A C0₂ laser (hω = 115 to 135 meV) was used as the optical source. Concentrations between 1 x 10¹⁵ cm⁻³ and 2 x 10¹⁶ cm⁻³ were studied. The conclusions of this study are that the energy relaxation of high energy photoexcited electrons, generated by free carrier absorption of C0₂ laser radiation in degenerate n-InSb at liquid helium temperatures, is by emission of a maximum number of optical phonons, and that this relaxation mechanism produces OPC type structure in the photon energy dependence of the electron temperature of the conduction band electron gas. This structure is seen, therefore, in the transport properties of the sample, including the Shubnikovde Haas effect, the effective absorption coefficient, and the photoconductivity (mobility) response (lower concentrations only). In addition, the highest concentration studied, nₑ = ~2 x 10¹⁶ cm⁻³, sets an experimental lower limit on the concentration at which electron-electron scattering will become the dominant energy relaxation mechanism for the photoexcited electrons, …
Date:
August 1979
Creator:
Moore, Bradley T.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Theoretical and Experimental Linewidth Parameters in the Rotational Spectrum of Nitrogen Dioxide
Contributions to the second order collision efficiency function S ⁽²⁾ (b), used in semiclassical perturbation approaches to pressure broadening of microwave and infrared spectra, due to several leading terms, dipole and quadrupole components, in the expansion of the intermolecular interaction energy are derived by method of irreducible spherical tensor operators for molecules of arbitrary symmetry. Results are given explicitly in terms of dipole and quadrupole line strengths. General expressions for dipole moment line strength in the asymmetric rotor basis as well as quadrupole moment line strength for the special case of molecules with two independent quadrupole moment components are derived. Computer programs for calculating linewidth parameters in the rotational spectrum of ¹⁴NO₂ based on Anderson and Murphy and Boggs theories are presented.
Date:
December 1982
Creator:
Moazzen-Ahmadi, Mohamad Nasser
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Microwave Properties of Hyaluronate Solutions Using a Resonant Microwave Cavity as a Probe
Physiological functions of a biomacromolecule seem to be closely related to its molecular conformations. The knowledge of any conformational changes due to changes in its environment may lead to a proper understanding of its functions. Hyaluronic acid, a biomacromolecule with unusually high molecular weight and some important biological functions is the subject of the present work. A temperature-dependent transition in hyaluronate solution of 120 mg/ml concentration was observed at physiological temperature. It is shown that this temperature-dependent behavior can be related to the orientational polarizability term in the Debye theory of polar molecules in liquids.
Date:
May 1980
Creator:
Jani, Shirish K.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Field Dependence of Optical Properties in Quantum Well Heterostructures Within the Wentzel, Kramers, and Brillouin Approximation
This dissertation is a theoretical treatment of the electric field dependence of optical properties such as Quantum Confined Stark (QCS) shifts, Photoluminescence Quenching (PLQ), and Excitonic Mixing in quantum well heterostructures. The reduced spatial dimensionality in heterostructures greatly enhances these optical properties, more than in three dimensional semiconductors. Charge presence in the quantum well from doping causes the potential to bend and deviate from the ideal square well potential. A potential bending that varies as the square of distance measured from the heterostructure interfaces is derived self-consistently. This potential is used to solve the time-independent Schrodinger equation for bound state energies and wave functions within the framework of the Wentzel, Kramers, and Brillouin (WKB) approximation. The theoretical results obtained from the WKB approximation are limited to wide gap semiconductors with large split off bands such as gallium arsenide-gallium aluminum arsenide and indium gallium arsenide—indium phosphide. Quantum wells with finite confinement heights give rise to an energy dependent WKB phase. External electric and magnetic fields are incorporated into the theory for two different geometries. For electric fields applied perpendicular to the heterostructure multilayers, QCS shifts and PLQ are found to be in excellent agreement with the WKB calculations. Orthogonality between electrons …
Date:
August 1989
Creator:
Wallace, Andrew B.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Inversion-Asymmetry Splitting of the Conduction Band in N-Type Indium Antimonide
The origin of the Shubnikov-de Haas effect, the strain theory developed by Bir and Pikus, and a simple, classical beating-effects model are discussed. The equipment and the experimental techniques used in recording the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations of n-type indium antimonite are described. The analysis of the experimental data showed that the angular anisotropy of the period of SdH oscillations at zero stress was unmeasurable for low concentration samples as discussed by other workers. Thus the Fermi surfaces of InSb are nearly spherical at low concentration. It was also shown that the Fermi surface of a high concentration sample of InAs is also nearly spherical. The advantages of using the magnetic field modulation and phase sensitive detection techniques in determining the beats are given. The simple, classical beating-effects model is able to explain the experimental beating effect data in InSb. The computer programs used to obtain the theoretical values of the beat nodal position, SdH frequencies, average frequency, the Fermi surface contours, and the energy eigenvalues are given.
Date:
December 1976
Creator:
Bajaj, Bhushan D.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Theoretical Study of Second Harmonic Generation of a Blue Laser at 486 nm Using a BBO Crystal in a Standing Wave Buildup Cavity
For a spectroscopy purpose, we are interested in producing continuous wave (CW) UV laser light at 243 nm with at least 2 mW power. The theory of nonlinear optics suggests that we should be able to produce a desired 2.9 mW of 243 nm light by second harmonic generation (SHG) from a 50 mW blue laser at 486 nm using a BBO crystal in a build up cavity. The most important physical parameters are calculated. A 10 mm Brewster cut BBO crystal can provide phase matching conditions for coupling two ordinary photons at 486 nm and make a secondary beam at 243 nm. The single pass conversion efficiency is calculated not to be enough to generate 2.9 mW of SH light. My investigation shows that a standing wave build up cavity can provide a buildup factor of 94 and an overall conversion efficiency of 5.9% if one use an input coupler mirror with 1.1% transmission at 486 nm.
Date:
May 2002
Creator:
Khademian, Ali
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Nonlinear Optical Properties of GaAs at 1.06 micron, picosecond Pulse Investigation and Applications
The author explores absorptive and refractive optical nonlinearities at 1.06 [mu]m in bulk, semi-insulating, undoped GaAs with a particular emphasis on the influence of the native deep-level defect known as EL2. Picosecond pump-probe experimental technique is used to study the speed, magnitude, and origin of the absorptive and refractive optical nonlinearities and to characterize the dynamics of the optical excitation of EL2 in three distinctly different undoped, semi-insulating GaAs samples. Intense optical excitation of these materials leads to the redistribution of charge among the EL2 states resulting in an absorptive nonlinearity due to different cross sections for electron and hole generation through this level. This absorptive nonlinearity is used in conjunction with the linear optical properties of the material and independent information regarding the EL2 concentration to extract the cross section ratio [sigma][sub p]/[sigma][sub e] [approx equal]0.8, where [sigma][sub p](e) is the absorption cross section for hole (electron) generation from EL2[sup +] (EL2[sup 0]). The picosecond pump-probe technique can be used to determine that EL2/EL2[sup +]density ratio in an arbitrary undoped, semi-insulating GaAs sample. The author describes the use of complementary picosecond pump-probe techniques that are designed to isolate and quantify cumulative and instantaneous absorptive and refractive nonlinear processes. Numerical …
Date:
August 1992
Creator:
Cui, A.G. (Aiguo G.)
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Development and Application of a Nonlinear Optical Characterization Technique
This dissertation reports a sensitive single beam experimental technique for measuring nonlinear refraction and nonlinear absorption in a wide variety of materials. The experimental setup is described and a comprehensive theoretical analysis including cases where nonlinear refraction and nonlinear absorption are also presented.
Date:
August 1991
Creator:
Said, Ali A. (Ali Ahmad)
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Computer Simulations of Mechanical Behavior of Polymer Liquid Crystals
In this dissertation molecular dynamics simulations of behavior of polymer liquid crystals (PLC's) under tensile deformation have been performed. PLC's composed of random or block copolymers of rigid and flexible segments have been studies. Systems of fully flexible chains have been simulated for comparison. Stress-strain relations and fracture mechanics have been investigated.
Date:
December 1991
Creator:
Blonski, Slawomir
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fluorine K-Shell X-Ray Cross Section Measurements for ⁷Li, ¹⁰B, ¹²C, ¹⁴N, and ¹⁶O Ions on Ultra-Clean, Ultra-Thin Yf₃ Solid Target Foils
In this study, procedures were developed to produce ultra-clean, ultra-thin target foils and to remove x-ray interference from electron bremsstrahlung and low energy K-shell x-rays from contaminant elements.
Date:
August 1991
Creator:
Marble, Daniel Keith
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Dispersion of the Nonlinear Refractive Index of CS₂ in the Spectral Range of 9-11 μm
The nonlinear refractive index (n2) of room temperature liquid CS2 in the wavelength range of 9 to 11 micrometers is measured. A line tunable hybrid C02 TEA laser and amplifier system is used for the experiments. In these measurements the well known photoacoustic method is utilized to observe the onset of whole beam self-focusing. The photoacoustic signal in a CS2 cell, much longer than the confocal parameter, is monitored. The departure of the acoustic signal from linear growth marks the critical power for the onset of nonlinearity. It is experimentally verified that the phenomenon is power dependent as expected from self-focusing theory. The value of n2 is then calculated from the theoretical model of self focusing. Measurements of the on-axis irradiance transmitted through the nonlinear material as well as the measurements of beam distortion are used to verify the validity of the photoacoustic method. In all the measurements the on-axis intensity was smaller than the calculated threshold intensity for stimulated Brillouin scattering. The back reflection was monitored to make sure that stimulated Brillouin scattering was not playing a role in the phenomenon.
Date:
May 1987
Creator:
Mohebi, Mehrdad
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A New Method for Measuring the Nuclear Hexadecapole Interaction in Some Solids
A new method for measuring the nuclear hexadecapole interaction (HDI) in solids based on NMR quadrupole echoes is described. Theoretical values of the shifts of the quadrupole echo times caused by the HDI are given for two pulse and three pulse echoes in a nuclear spin 5/2 system. The method is applied to 1271 in an almost strain free crystal of KI and a hexadecapole coupling frequency (e2M16m16/h) of 630 Hz was found. Here e is the electronic charge, em16 is the fourth gradient of the external electric potential at the nuclear site, eM16 is the hexadecapole moment and h is the Planck constant. This HDI is smaller than previously measured values in solids (42.6 MHz for 1 81 Ta in TaF 5, 66.6 MHz for 175Lu in Lu(NO3 )3*4H 20), but not as small as an atomic beam result of 151 Hz for 165Ho in atomic Ho. The method described here may be used to search for the HDI in other cubic crystals. A double resonance (1151n, 31P) multiple pulse method was unsuccessfully used to search for the 1151n HDI in a single crystal of InP.
Date:
August 1991
Creator:
Ni, QingWen
System:
The UNT Digital Library