The treatment of Social Security in the federal budget is often confusing. In legislation enacted in 1983, 1985, and 1990, Social Security was excluded from official budget calculations and largely exempted it from congressional procedures for controlling budget revenues and expenditures. However, because Social Security represents more than a fifth of federal revenues and expenditures, it often is included in summaries of the government's financial flows, or what is referred to as the "unified" budget.

This report includes information regarding Iraq, specifically weapons threat, compliance, sanctions, and U.S. policy. Weapons of mass destruction, human rights, and Iraqi issues with Kuwait are among topics discussed in this report.

This report is designed as a source of ready reference for congressional offices interested in instances of use of force by the United States against Iraq from the end of the 1990-1991 Gulf war until October 11, 2002.

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This report discusses the class action and proposed reform in the 107th congress, in four different categories: (I) Background, (II) the legislation, (III) Section 1-7 and (IV) Possible Objections.

This report describes the various forms of tax conduit organizations found in the Internal Revenue Code (IRC), or the Internal Revenue Services (IRS) regulations and discusses how the form of organization affects the tax situation of the owners. It is organized according to the major types of conduit organization.

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This report provides resources for starting and operating a Child Day Care center.

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On December 21, 2001, President Bush signed into law the District of Columbia Appropriations Act for FY 2002. The House on December 6, 2001, and the Senate on December 7, 2001 approved the conference report accompanying H.R. 2944, after resolving significant differences in the general provision of their respective versions of the act.

This report summarizes and compares the two campaign finance reforms bills that have passed the House and Senate in the 107th congress and current law cases.

This report identifies and analyzes provisions in public laws and committee reports from the 106th Congress relating to GPRA and its implementation, including comparisons to similar provisions in the 104th and 105th Congresses.

This report provides a brief overview of federal drug-free workplace programs presently in effect. It also examines the state of constitutional law on the subject of governmentally mandated drug-testing in employment, for social welfare eligibility, and of students in the public schools.

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This report provides an overview of the major exceptions to the First Amendment.

This report provides a brief overview of Internet privacy issues and tracks pending legislation.

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The Department of Defense (DOD) administers five environmental programs in response to various requirements under federal environmental laws. These programs include environmental cleanup, environmental compliance, pollution prevention, environmental technology, and conservation. Additionally, the Department of Energy (DOE) is responsible for managing defense nuclear waste and cleaning up contaminated nuclear weapons sites. The Administration requested a total of $11.17 billion for these programs in FY2003, about $390 million more than the FY2002 funding level of $10.78 billion. Some of the ongoing issues associated with these programs are the adequacy, cost, and pace of cleanup, whether DOD and DOE adequately comply with environmental laws and regulations, and the extent to which environmental requirements encroach upon military readiness.

The Department of Defense (DOD) administers five environmental programs in response to various requirements under federal environmental laws. These programs include environmental cleanup, environmental compliance, pollution prevention, environmental technology, and conservation. Additionally, the Department of Energy (DOE) is responsible for managing defense nuclear waste and cleaning up contaminated nuclear weapons sites. The Administration requested a total of $11.17 billion for these programs in FY2003, about $390 million more than the FY2002 funding level of $10.78 billion. Some of the ongoing issues associated with these programs are the adequacy, cost, and pace of cleanup, whether DOD and DOE adequately comply with environmental laws and regulations, and the extent to which environmental requirements encroach upon military readiness.

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