We describe a new damage testing approach and instrumentation that provides quantitative measurements of bulk damage performance versus fluence for several frequencies. A major advantage of this method is that it can simultaneously provide direct information on pinpoint density and size, and beam obscuration. This allows for more accurate evaluation of material performance under operational conditions. Protocols for laser conditioning to improve damage performance can also be easily and rapidly evaluated.This damage testing approach has enabled us to perform complex experiments toward probing the fundamental mechanisms of damage initiation and conditioning.

A new continuum model for directional tensile failure has been developed that can simulate weakening and void formation due to directional tensile failure. The model is developed within the context of a properly invariant nonlinear thermomechanical theory. A second order damage tensor is introduced which allows simulation of weakening to tension applied in one direction, without weakening to subsequent tension applied in perpendicular directions. This damage tensor can be advected using standard methods in computer codes. Porosity is used as an isotropic measure of volumetric void strain and its evolution is influenced by tensile failure. The rate of dissipation due to directional tensile failure takes a particularly simple form, which can be analyzed easily. Specifically, the model can be combined with general constitutive equations for porous compaction and dilation, as well as viscoplasticity. A robust non-iterative numerical scheme for integrating these evolution equations is proposed. This constitutive model has been implemented into an Eulerian shock wave code with adaptive mesh refinement. A comparison of experimental results and computational simulations of spherical wave propagation in Danby marble was made. The experiment consisted of a 2-cm-diameter explosive charge detonated in the center of a cylindrical rock sample. Radial particle velocity histories were …

In this project I apply the concepts and techniques learned in Applied Computational Harmonic Analysis (ACHA) to my research. I am currently developing fast wave-front reconstruction techniques for high-order Adaptive Optics systems. The fast reconstruction technique which we plan on using is based on the DFT. Reconstruction and optional filtering occur in the frequency domain. This is a significantly different approach than current methods of wave-front reconstruction, which use a matrix multiply to do the reconstruction. The latest advances in these methods use modal control, which effectively seeks to control individual modes (or basis functions) as opposed to the signal on a point-by-point basis. These techniques can be adapted to incorporate statistical knowledge. My research task to is figure out how to do such a modal approach with my fast reconstructor. This project report is divided into several sections. In the first section I summarize Adaptive Optics concepts and discuss the problem of wave-front reconstruction in greater detail. Following this is a brief summary of the most applicable concepts and techniques from ACHA that will be applied to the problem. The application of these techniques is then discussed.

The chemical inertness typically observed for Au does not imply a general inability to form stable bonds with non-metals but is rather a consequence of high reaction barriers. The Au-S interaction is probably the most intensively studied interaction of Au surfaces with non-metals as, for example, it plays an important role in Au ore formation, and controls the structure and dynamics of thiol-based self-assembled-monolayers (SAMs). In recent years a quite complex picture of the interaction of sulfur with Au(111) surfaces emerged, and a variety of S-induced surface structures was reported under different conditions. The majority of these structures were interpreted in terms of a static Au surface, where the positions of the Au atoms remain essentially unperturbed. Here we demonstrate that the Au(111) surface exhibits a very dynamic character upon interaction with adsorbed sulfur: low sulfur coverages modify the surface stress of the Au surface leading to lateral expansion of the surface layer; large-scale surface restructuring and incorporation of Au atoms into a growing two-dimensional AuS phase were observed with increasing sulfur coverage. These results provide new insight into the Au-S surface chemistry, and reveal the dynamic character of the Au(111) surface.

The effective stress model is used to model the stress-strain, volumetric, and strength behavior in saturated materials under shock loading. The effective stress concept provides a predictive model of the behavior of wet porous materials based on the dry material properties. An effective stress model that allows for arbitrary fluid and solid equations of state and varying levels of saturation is incorporated into an adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) Eulerian shock physics hydrocode. Good agreement is found between simulation results and experimental data for saturated materials, even at moderately high pressures.

The ground and several excited states of metal aromatic clusters, namely NaM4 and NaM{sub 4}{sup {+-}} (M=Al, Ga, In) clusters have been investigated by employing complete activespace self-consistent-field (CASSCF) followed by Multi-reference singles and doubles configuration interaction (MRSDCI) computations that included up to 10 million configurations and other methods. The ground states NaM{sub 4}{sup -} of aromatic anions are found to be symmetric C{sub 4v} ({sup 1}A{sub 1}) electronic states with ideal square pyramid geometries. While the ground state of NaIn4 is also predicted to be a symmetric C{sub 4v} ({sup 2}A{sub 1}) square pyramid, the ground state of the NaAl4 cluster is found to have a C{sub 2v} ({sup 2}A{sub 1}) pyramid with a rhombus base and the ground state of NaGa{sub 4} possesses a C{sub 2v} ({sup 2}A{sub 1}) pyramid with a rectangle base. In general these structures exhibit 2 competing geometries, viz., an ideal C{sub 4v} structure and a distorted rhomboidal or rectangular pyramid structure (C{sub 2v}). All of the ground states of the NaM{sub 4}{sup +} (M= Al, Ga, In) cations are computed to be C{sub 2v} ({sup 3}A{sub 2}) pyramids with rhombus bases. The equilibrium geometries, vibrational frequencies, dissociation energies, adiabatic ionization potentials, adiabatic electron …

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We present in this talk a model based on SO(10) x SU(2){sub F} having symmetric mass textures with 5 zeros constructed by us recently. The symmetric mass textures arising from the left-right symmetry breaking chain of SO(10) give rise to good predictions for the masses, mixing angles and CP violation measures in the quark and lepton sectors (including the neutrinos), all in agreement with the most up-to-date experimental data within 1 {sigma}. Various lepton flavor violating decays in our model are also investigated. Unlike in models with lop-sided textures, our prediction for the decay rate of {mu} + e{gamma} is much suppressed and yet it is large enough to be probed by the next generation of experiments. The observed baryonic asymmetry in the Universe can be accommodated in our model utilizing soft leptogenesis.

New results of the jet driven ignition target are presented, both with direct and indirect drive. This target is based on the conical guided target used in fast ignition, but use only one laser pulse. The ignition of the target is started by the impact of a jet produced in the guiding cone, instead of using charged particles generated by a other high power laser. We have shown that a laser or X-ray pulse could be used to produce a high velocity jet of several hundred of km/s by an accumulative effect, and we use these ideas to design this new kind of targets. In order to increase the efficiency of the process, we scan in the simulations different materials, cone profiles and laser intensities. ANALOP is a code developed to calculate opacities for hot plasmas, using analytical potentials including density and temperature effects. It has been recently updated to include the radiative transport into the rate equations by mean of the escape factors, and in parallel a line transport code which solve self-consistently the rate equation and radiative transfer equation in 1D planar geometry has been also developed. We have developed a comprehensive methodology to compute uncertainties on activation …

Thomson-scattering based x-ray radiation sources, in which a laser beam is scattered off a relativistic electron beam resulting in a high-energy x-ray beam, are currently being developed by several groups around the world to enable studies of dynamic material properties which require temporal resolution on the order of tens of femtoseconds to tens of picoseconds. These sources offer pulses that are shorter than available from synchrotrons, more tunable than available from so-called Ka sources, and more penetrating and more directly probing than ultrafast lasers. Furthermore, Thomson-scattering sources can scale directly up to x-ray energies in the few MeV range, providing peak brightnesses far exceeding any other sources in this regime. This dissertation presents the development effort of one such source at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the Picosecond Laser-Electron InterAction for the Dynamic Evaluation of Structures (PLEIADES) project, designed to target energies from 30 keV to 200 keV, with a peak brightness on the order of 10{sup 18} photons {center_dot} s{sup -1} {center_dot} mm{sup -2} {center_dot} mrad{sup -2} {center_dot} 0.01% bandwidth{sup -1}. A 10 TW Ti:Sapphire based laser system provides the photons for the interaction, and a 100 MeV accelerator with a 1.6 cell S-Band photoinjector at the front end provides …

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, when completed in 2008, will contain a 192-beam, 1.8-Megajoule, 500-Terawatt, ultraviolet laser system together with a 10-meter-diameter target chamber and room for 100 diagnostics. NIF is housed in a 26,000 square meter environmentally controlled building and is the world's largest and most energetic laser experimental system. NIF provides a scientific center for the study of inertial confinement fusion and the physics of matter at extreme energy densities and pressures. NIF's energetic laser beams will compress fusion targets to conditions required for thermonuclear burn, liberating more energy than required to initiate the fusion reactions. Other NIF experiments will study physical processes at temperatures approaching 10{sup 8} K and 10{sup 11} bar; conditions that exist naturally only in the interior of stars and planets. NIF is currently configured with four laser beams activated in late 2002. These beams are being regularly used for laser performance and physics experiments and to date nearly 250 system shots have been conducted. NIF's laser beams have generated 106 kilojoules in 23-ns pulses of infrared light and over 16 kJ in 3.5-ns pulses at the third harmonic (351 nm). A number of target experimental systems are being …

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The Stochastic Engine (SE) is a data driven computer simulation tool for predicting the characteristics of complex systems. The SE integrates accurate simulators with the Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) approach (a stochastic inverse technique) to identify alternative models that are consistent with available data and ranks these alternatives according to their probabilities. Implementation of the SE is currently cumbersome owing to the need to customize the pre-processing and processing steps that are required for a specific application. This project widens the applicability of the Stochastic Engine by generalizing some aspects of the method (i.e. model-to-data transformation types, configuration, model representation). We have generalized several of the transformations that are necessary to match the observations to proposed models. These transformations are sufficiently general not to pertain to any single application. This approach provides a framework that increases the efficiency of the SE implementation. The overall goal is to reduce response time and make the approach as ''plug-and-play'' as possible, and will result in the rapid accumulation of new data types for a host of both earth science and non-earth science problems. When adapting the SE approach to a specific application, there are various pre-processing and processing steps that are typically …

A Working Group Meeting on Heavy Vehicle Aerodynamic Drag was held in Portland, Oregon on July 1, 2004. The purpose of the meeting was to provide a summary of achievements, discuss pressing issues, present a general overview of future plans, and to provide a forum for dialogue with the Department of Energy (DOE) and industry representatives. The meeting was held in Portland, because the DOE Aero Team participated in an exclusive session on Heavy Truck Vehicle Aerodynamic Drag at the 34th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit in Portland on the morning of July 1st, just preceding our Working Group meeting. Even though the paper session was on the last day of the Conference, the Team presented to a full room of interested attendees.

The application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to the understanding of urban wind flow and dispersion processes has gained increasing attention over recent years. While many of the simpler dispersion models are based on a set of prescribed meteorology to calculate dispersion, the CFD approach has the ability of coupling the wind field to dispersion processes. This has distinct advantages when very detailed results are required, such as for the case where the releases occur around buildings and within urban areas. CFD also has great flexibility as a testbed for turbulence models, which has important implications for atmospheric dispersion problems. In the spring of 2003, a series of dispersion field experiments (Joint Urban 2003) were conducted at Oklahoma City (Allwine, et. al, 2004). These experiments were complimentary to the URBAN 2000 field studies at Salt Lake City (Shinn, et. al, 2000) in that they will provide a second set of comprehensive field data for evaluation of CFD as well as for other dispersion models. In contrast to the URBAN 2000 experiments that were conducted entirely at night, these new field studies took place during both daytime and nighttime thus including the possibility of convective as well as stable atmospheric conditions. …

An experimental procedure is reported to perform shear tests on specimens held under moderately high hydrostatic pressures (on the order of 10 GPa). The mechanical behavior of materials subjected to such pressures, varies substantially from that observed at atmospheric pressure or even pressures typically attained during industrial processing. These differences must be incorporated into models such as the Steinberg-Guinan hardening model or discrete dislocation dynamics simulations. The goal of the proposed research is to develop and implement testing procedures that experimentally determine pressure-dependent dislocation mobilities in oriented single crystals of the BCC transition metals. These experiments will provide calibration data for models of materials subjected to extreme pressures and will assist in model validation. This paper reports the development of the experimental procedures. A thin foil of polycrystalline Ta was used to perform the initial experiments under hydrostatic pressures ranging from 2.1 to 4.2 GPa. Both yielding and hardening behavior are observed to be sensitive to the imposed pressure.

Development of the automated Russian Federation Federal Information System for Nuclear Material Control and Accounting (FIS) started in 1996. From the beginning, the creation of the FIS was based on the concept of obtaining data from the material balance areas of the organizations, which would enable the system to collect detailed information on nuclear material. In December 2000, the organization-level summarized reporting method was mandated by the Russian Federation and subsequently implemented for all organizations. Analysis of long-term FIS objectives, reporting by all the MBAs in Russia, showed that the present summarized reporting approach decreed by regulations posed a fair number of problems. We need alternative methods that allow the FIS to obtain more detailed information on nuclear material but which accurately reflect the technical and economic resources available to Russian organizations. One possible solution is the universal reporting method. In August 2003, the proposals of the FIS working group to transition to the universal reporting method were approved at the fourth meeting of the Joint Coordinating Committee for Implementation of the Russian Federation and U.S. Government-to-Government Agreement on Cooperation in the Area of Nuclear Material Physical Protection, Control and Accounting (JCC). One of the important elements of universal reporting …

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At 70 miles per hour, overcoming aerodynamic drag represents about 65% of the total energy expenditure for a typical heavy truck vehicle. The goal of this US Department of Energy supported consortium is to establish a clear understanding of the drag producing flow phenomena. This is being accomplished through joint experiments and computations, leading to the 'smart' design of drag reducing devices. This paper will describe our objective and approach, provide an overview of our efforts and accomplishments, and discuss our future direction.

In-situ Time Resolved X-Ray Diffraction (TRXRD) experiments were performed during stationary gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding of AISI 1045 C-Mn steel. These synchrotron-based experiments tracked, in real time, phase transformations in the heat-affected zone of the weld under rapid heating and cooling conditions. The diffraction patterns were recorded at 100 ms intervals, and were later analyzed using diffraction peak profile analysis to determine the relative fraction of ferrite ({alpha}) and austenite ({gamma}) phases in each diffraction pattern. Lattice parameters and diffraction peak widths were also measured throughout the heating and cooling cycle of the weld, providing additional information about the phases that were formed. The experimental results were coupled with a thermofluid weld model to calculate the weld temperatures, allowing time-temperature transformation kinetics of the {alpha} {yields} {gamma} phase transformation to be evaluated. During heating, complete austenitization was observed in the heat affected zone of the weld and the kinetics of the {alpha} {yields} {gamma} phase transformation were modeled using a Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) approach. The results from the 1045 steel weld were compared to those of a 1005 low carbon steel from a previous study. Differences in austenitization rates of the two steels were attributed to differences in the base …

This article investigates the use of a multi-conjugate adaptive optics system to improve the field-of-view for the system. The emphasis of this research is to develop techniques to improve the performance of optical systems with applications to horizontal imaging. The design and wave optics simulations of the proposed system are given. Preliminary results from the multi-conjugate adaptive optics system are also presented. The experimental system utilizes a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator and an interferometric wave-front sensor for correction and sensing of the phase aberrations, respectively.

High-power Free-Electron Lasers were made possible by advances in superconducting linac operated in an energy-recovery mode. In order to get to much higher power levels, say a fraction of a megawatt average power, many technological barriers are yet to be broken. We describe work on CW, high-current and high-brightness electron beams. This will include a description of a superconducting, laser-photocathode RF gun employing a new secondary-emission multiplying cathode, an accelerator cavity, both capable of producing of the order of one ampere average current and plans for an ERL based on these units.

We develop a model-based processor (MBP) for a micro-cantilever array sensor to detect target species in solution. After discussing the generalized framework for this problem, we develop the specific model used in this study. We perform a proof-of-concept experiment, fit the model parameters to the measured data and use them to develop a Gauss-Markov simulation. We then investigate two cases of interest: (1) averaged deflection data, and (2) multi-channel data. In both cases the evaluation proceeds by first performing a model-based parameter estimation to extract the model parameters, next performing a Gauss-Markov simulation, designing the optimal MBP and finally applying it to measured experimental data. The simulation is used to evaluate the performance of the MBP in the multi-channel case and compare it to a ''smoother'' (''averager'') typically used in this application. It was shown that the MBP not only provides a significant gain ({approx} 80dB) in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), but also consistently outperforms the smoother by 40-60 dB. Finally, we apply the processor to the smoothed experimental data and demonstrate its capability for chemical detection. The MBP performs quite well, though it includes a correctable systematic bias error. The project's primary accomplishment was the successful application of model-based processing …