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Year
Month
Border and Transportation Security: Selected Programs and Policies
Border and Transportation Security (BTS) is a pivotal function in protecting the American people from terrorists and their instruments of destruction. This report addresses selected programs and policies now in place that seek to attain higher levels of BTS. It is the second in a three-part series of CRS reports that make use of analytical frameworks to better understand complex phenomena and cast them in terms that facilitate consideration of alternative policies and practices.
Date:
March 29, 2005
Creator:
Seghetti, Lisa M.; Lake, Jennifer E. & Robinson, William H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Border and Transportation Security: Possible New Directions and Policy Options
There is consensus that Border and Transportation Security (BTS) is a pivotal function in protecting the American people from terrorists and their instruments of destruction. The issue for Congress is how to achieve desired levels of security, while not compromising other important values in the process. This report addresses possible new approaches and policy options that might be explored by Congress to attain these goals. It is one of three CRS reports in a series that make use of analytical frameworks to better understand complex problems in BTS and to facilitate consideration of alternative policies and practices.
Date:
March 29, 2005
Creator:
Robinson, William H.; Lake, Jennifer E. & Seghetti, Lisa M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Nuclear Weapons: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
A comprehensive test ban treaty, or CTBT, is the oldest item on the nuclear arms control agenda. Three treaties currently limit testing to underground only, with a maximum force equal to 150,000 tons of TNT. According to the Natural Resources Defense Council, the United States conducted 1,030 nuclear tests, the Soviet Union 715, the United Kingdom 45, France 210, and China 45. The last U.S. test was held in 1992; the last U.K. test, in 1991. Russia claims it has not conducted nuclear tests since 1991.
Date:
March 11, 2005
Creator:
Medalia, Jonathan
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
U.S. Defense Articles and Services Supplied to Foreign Recipients: Restrictions on Their Use
In accordance with United States law, the U.S. Government places conditions on the use of defense articles and defense services transferred by it to foreign recipients. Violation of these conditions can lead to the suspension of deliveries or termination of the contracts for such defense items, among other things. On occasion, the President has indicated that such violations by foreign countries “may” have occurred, raising the prospect that termination of deliveries to or imposition of other penalties on such nations might take place. Section 3(a) of the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) sets the general standards for countries or international organizations to be eligible to receive United States defense articles and defense services provided under this act. It also sets express conditions on the uses to which these defense items may be put.
Date:
March 14, 2005
Creator:
Grimmett, Richard F.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales Since 1990
This report, updated as warranted, discusses U.S. security assistance to Taiwan, or the Republic of China (ROC), including policy issues for Congress and legislation. The Taiwan Relations Act (TRA), P.L. 96-8, has governed U.S. arms sales to Taiwan since 1979 when the United States recognized the People’s Republic of China (PRC) instead of the ROC. Two other relevant parts of the “one China” policy are the August 17, 1982, U.S.-PRC Joint Communique and the “Six Assurances” made to Taiwan. (Also see CRS Report RL30341, China/Taiwan: Evolution of the “One China” Policy — Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei, by Shirley Kan.)
Date:
March 21, 2005
Creator:
Kan, Shirley A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
F/A-22 Raptor
The F-22A Raptor is a next-generation fighter/attack aircraft that features the latest stealth technology to reduce detection by radar. Using more advanced engines and avionics than the current F-15 Eagle, the F-22A is intended to maintain U.S. Air Force capabilities against more sophisticated enemy aircraft and air defenses in the 21st century. This report examines the Air Force’s F-22A Raptor program, including costs and schedule; considers several key issues, and concludes with a synopsis of recent legislative activity on the program.
Date:
March 3, 2005
Creator:
Bolkcom, Christopher
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
European Union's Arms Control Regime and Arms Exports to China: Background and Legal Analysis
This report provides detailed background and legal analysis of the nature of the current European Union embargo on arms exports to China. It also provides detailed background on the European Union’s current Code of Conduct on Arms Exports. A strengthened version of the Code would be one of the control mechanisms that would remain should the EU lift the embargo on arms exports to China. This report also gives information on recent EU arms exports authorized for China. It further summarizes U.S. concerns regarding the lifting of the arms embargo, and notes the prospective timing of EU action on the embargo issue.
Date:
March 1, 2005
Creator:
Grimmett, Richard F. & Papademetriou, Theresa
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Beneficiary Information and Decision Supports for the Medicare-Endorsed Prescription Drug Discount Card
On December 8, 2003 the President signed into law the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA, P.L. 108-173). This legislation establishes a Medicare prescription drug benefit, effective January 1, 2006. In the interim, the legislation requires the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to establish a temporary program of Medicare-endorsed prescription drug discount cards. This report discusses the objectives and benefits of this legislation.
Date:
March 24, 2005
Creator:
Justice, Diane
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: An Economic Analysis
Foreign direct investment in the United States declined sharply after 2000, when a record $300 billion was invested in U.S. businesses and real estate. In 2004, according to preliminary data, foreigners invested about $100 billion. Foreign direct investments are highly sought after by State and local governments that are struggling to create additional jobs in their localities.
Date:
March 23, 2005
Creator:
Jackson, James K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Moldova: Background and U.S. Policy
This short report provides information and analysis on Moldova, including its political and economic situation, foreign policy, and on U.S. policy toward Moldova. For more background on Moldova, see CRS Report 95-403, Moldova: Basic Facts, by Steven Woehrel. This report will be updated as events warrant.
Date:
March 8, 2005
Creator:
Woehrel, Steven
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Overview of the Federal Tax System
None
Date:
March 10, 2005
Creator:
Brumbaugh, David L.; Esenwein, Gregg A. & Gravelle, Jane G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Alternative Minimum Taxpayers by State
This report discusses the alternative minimum tax (AMT) with respect to the percentage of taxpayers who fall under the AMT as divided by state. The report also briefly addresses related legislation.
Date:
March 17, 2005
Creator:
Esenwein, Gregg A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Homeland Security: Air Passenger Prescreening and Counterterrorism
This report discusses about Boarder and Transportation Security Screening Coordination, System Integrity, Access and Data Retention, Key Operational Consideration and many more.
Date:
March 4, 2005
Creator:
Elias, Bart; Krouse, William J. & Rappaport, Edward B.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Federal Government Debt: Its Size and Economic Significance
This report explains the different measures of the U.S. government debt, discusses the historical growth in the debt, identifies the owners of the debt,presents comparisons with the public debt in other countries and examines the potential economic risks associated with a growing federal debt.
Date:
March 1, 2005
Creator:
Cashell, Brian W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Nepal: Background and U.S. Relations
None
Date:
March 1, 2005
Creator:
Vaughn, Bruce
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Iraq: United Nations and Humanitarian Aid Organizations
None
Date:
March 2, 2005
Creator:
Coipuram, Thomas, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Drug Trafficking and North Korea: Issues for U.S. Policy
At least 50 documented incidents in more than 20 countries around the world, many involving arrest or detention of North Korean diplomats, link North Korea to drug trafficking. Such events, in the context of credible, but unproven, allegations of large scale state sponsorship of drug production and trafficking, raise important issues for the United States and its allies in combating international drug trafficking. The challenge to policy makers is how to pursue an effective counter drug policy and comply with U.S. law which may require cutting off aid to North Korea while pursuing other high-priority U.S. foreign policy objectives including (1) limiting possession and production of weapons of mass destruction; (2) limiting ballistic missile production and export; (3) curbing terrorism, counterfeiting, and international crime; and (4) addressing humanitarian needs.
Date:
March 4, 2005
Creator:
Perl, Raphael F.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Network Centric Warfare: Background and Oversight Issues for Congress
None
Date:
March 18, 2005
Creator:
Wilson, Clay
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Mexico-United States Dialogue on Migration and Border Issues, 2001-2005
None
Date:
March 4, 2005
Creator:
Storrs, K. Larry
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Budget for Fiscal Year 2006
The budget report of the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2006-2015 (January 25, 2005), included baseline estimates (assuming current policies) for FY2005 through FY2015. Under the baseline assumptions, CBO estimated a FY2006 deficit of $295 billion (2.3% of gross domestic product [GDP]). This is smaller than CBO’s FY2005 baseline deficit estimate ($368 billion, 3.0% of GDP). CBO’s baseline estimates do not include assumptions about possible future legislation that may increase or decrease spending or receipts and therefore change the deficit. The baseline assumptions assume the continuation of current law, including that laws changing the level of future revenues or outlays will go into effect as scheduled.
Date:
March 31, 2005
Creator:
Winters, Philip D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Caspian Oil and Gas: Production and Prospects
There is a likelihood of large reserves of crude oil and natural gas in the Caspian Sea region, and a consequent large increase in oil and natural gas production from that area. Because diversity of energy sources is a consideration in Congressional deliberations on energy policy, this prospect could play a role in such discussions. However, there are notable obstacles to increases in Caspian Sea region production of oil and gas that may slow development.
Date:
March 4, 2005
Creator:
Gelb, Bernard A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Afghanistan: Presidential and Parliamentary Elections
Presidential elections in Afghanistan were held on October 9, 2004, with heavy turnout and minimal violence. Karzai was declared the winner on November 3, 2004 with about 55% of the vote, and he subsequently named a cabinet incorporating most major factions but stressing qualifications. Parliamentary, provincial, and district elections were to be held in April-May 2005, but they are now almost certain to be postponed until at least September 2005. See CRS Report RL30588, Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy.
Date:
March 10, 2005
Creator:
Katzman, Kenneth
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Extending the 2001, 2003, and 2004 Tax Cuts
This report discusses the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001, the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 (JGTRRA, and the Working Family Tax Relief Act of 2004 (WFTRA). Since all of the tax reductions provisions of all three of these acts expire at some point in the future, Congress faces the issue of whether to extend and/or make the reductions permanent. Extending these tax reductions, however, is likely to significantly reduce federal revenues in the future.
Date:
March 4, 2005
Creator:
Esenwein, Gregg A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Missouri Emergency Management and Homeland Security Authorities Summarized
None
Date:
March 23, 2004
Creator:
Bea, Keith; Richardson, Sula P.; Runyon, L. Cheryl & Warnock, Kae M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library