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Military Technicians: The Issue of Mandatory Retirement for Non-Dual-Status Technicians
This report describes the mandatory retirement provisions for certain “non-dual-status” military technicians contained in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (P.L. 106-65), discusses the stated rationale behind the policy, and quantifies the impact it will likely have on individual technicians.
Date:
March 28, 2000
Creator:
Kapp, Lawrence
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Trends in Medicare Spending: Fact Sheet
None
Date:
March 3, 2000
Creator:
Chaikind, Hinda Ripps
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Global Climate Change Treaty: The Kyoto Protocol
Negotiations on the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) were completed December 11, 1997, committing the industrialized nations to specified, legally binding reductions in emissions of six "greenhouse gases." This report discusses the major provisions of the Kyoto Protocol.
Date:
March 6, 2000
Creator:
Fletcher, Susan R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Forest Service Revenue-Sharing Payments: Legislative Issues
The Forest Service (FS) returns 25% of the revenues from each national forest to the states for use on roads and schools in counties where the forests are located; the Bureau of Land Management shares 50% of its revenues with counties containing the Oregon & California grant lands. This report discusses the legislative concerns that have arisen because declining timber sales have reduced revenues.
Date:
March 24, 2000
Creator:
Gorte, Ross W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Forest Service FY2001 Budget Issues, Including Proposals for Land Sales and Trust Funds
This report provides a table detailing the requested Forest Service (FS) budget for FY2001 and comparing it FY1999 appropriations.
Date:
March 14, 2000
Creator:
Gorte, Ross W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Property Rights: House Judiciary Committee Reports H.R. 2372
On March 9, 2000, the House Committee on the Judiciary reported favorably H.R. 2372. The bill, titled "Private Property Rights Implementation Act of 2000," is aimed principally at lowering the threshold barriers of ripeness and abstention encountered when land owners file in federal court challenging local government actions as "takings." (1) Under the Fifth Amendment's Takings Clause (which applies to state and local, not only federal, actions), private property may not be "taken" for public use without just compensation.
Date:
March 10, 2000
Creator:
Meltz, Robert
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Narcotics Certification of Drug Producing Trafficking Nations: Questions and Answers
None
Date:
March 27, 2000
Creator:
Perl, Raphael F.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Campaign Financing: Highlights and Chronology of Current Federal Law
Current law governing financial activity of campaigns for federal office is based on two principal statutes: the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) of 1971, as amended in 1974, 1976, and 1979, and the Revenue Act of 1971. These laws were enacted to remedy widely perceived shortcomings of existing law, the Corrupt Practices Act of 1925, and in response to reports of campaign finance abuses over the years, culminating in the 1972-1974 Watergate scandal. This report provides a summary of major provisions of federal law and a chronology of key legislative and judicial actions.
Date:
March 8, 2000
Creator:
Cantor, Joseph E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Federal Excise Tax on Gasoline and the Highway Trust Fund: A Short History
Excise taxes have long been a part of our country's revenue history. In the field of gasoline taxation, the states led the way with Oregon enacting the first tax on motor fuels in 1919. By 1932, all states and the District of Columbia had followed suit with tax rates that ranged between two and seven cents per gallon. The federal government first imposed its excise tax on gasoline at a one cent per gallon rate in 1932. The gas tax was enacted to correct a federal budgetary imbalance.
Date:
March 29, 2000
Creator:
Talley, Louis Alan
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fuel Ethanol: Background and Public Policy Issues
In light of a changing regulatory environment, concern has arisen regarding the future prospects for ethanol as a motor fuel. Ethanol is produced from biomass (mainly corn) and is mixed with gasoline to produce cleaner-burning fuel called "gasohol" or "E10."
Date:
March 22, 2000
Creator:
Yacobucci, Brent D. & Womach, Jasper
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Advanced Vehicle Technologies: Energy, Environment, and Development Issues
This report provides an introduction to the research, development, and commercialization of alternative vehicle technologies, specifically electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles. It provides a description of the technology, and discusses issues such as cost, maintenance and fueling infrastructure, and performance for each type of vehicle. The report also discusses current congressional action on issues affecting these vehicles, as well as actions by the Administration and state and local governments. It will be updated as events warrant.
Date:
March 27, 2000
Creator:
Yacobucci, Brent D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
OPEC Oil Production - Facts and Figures
In light of 1999's oil production cuts by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and several other non-OPEC members, the characteristics of the world's major oil producers are an important consideration for policymakers. These countries vary in importance as direct suppliers to the U.S. Their ability to add to current world supply varies as well.
Date:
March 8, 2000
Creator:
Kumins, Lawrence C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Electricity Restructuring and the Constitutionality of Retail Reciprocity Requirements
Retail reciprocity requirements have been included in the electricity restructuring legislation of at least four states. These requirements mandate generally that out-of-state utilities which operate in a state “closed” to retail competition cannot market power to retail consumers in the “open” state. Because state reciprocity requirements enacted without congressional authorization are probably unconstitutional under the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution, Congress would have to include a reciprocity provision in federal electricity restructuring legislation if it wants to support the view that such a provision will increase competition. This report reviews the treatment of state reciprocity requirements by the U.S. Supreme Court and discusses Congress’ power under the Commerce Clause.
Date:
March 9, 2000
Creator:
Shimabukuro, Jon O.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Transportation Fuel Taxes: Impacts of a Repeal or Moratorium
Steep increases in the prices of gasoline, diesel, and other transportation fuels have prompted some Members of Congress to seek to ease the effects on households and businesses. Interest has focused on possible repeal or suspension of the levying of all or part of the federal excise taxes on those fuels. Current market conditions and the small amount of tax relief incorporated in most proposals, however, raise uncertainty as to whether prices to individuals and businesses would fall and whether any price decline would be meaningful to consumers. A reduction in transportation fuel taxes would result in a decrease in spending for transportation trust-fund-supported federal programs, unless Congress designated alternate sources of funding for these programs. As a result of the structure of the federal programs the effects of a fuel tax repeal on federal transportation programs would not necessarily be immediate, but depending on the length/scope of the repeal or suspension, they could be substantial.
Date:
March 28, 2000
Creator:
Fischer, John W. & Gelb, Bernard A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Central Asia's New States: Political Developments and Implications for U.S. Interests
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the United States recognized the independence of all the former Central Asian republics and established diplomatic relations with each by mid-March 1992. This report provides an overview of U.S. policy concerns after the Soviet collapse. The report presents the U.S. policy attention and aid to support conflict amelioration, humanitarian needs, economic development, transport (including energy pipelines) and communications, border controls, democracy, and the creation of civil societies in the South Caucasian and Central Asian states. The United States has some economic and business interests in Central Asia, particularly in oil and natural gas development in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
Date:
March 31, 2000
Creator:
Nichol, Jim
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Russian Capital Flight, Economic Reforms, and U.S. Interests: An Analysis
None
Date:
March 10, 2000
Creator:
Cooper, William H. & Hardt, John P.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Taiwan Security Enhancement Act and Underlying Issues in U.S. Policy
None
Date:
March 1, 2000
Creator:
Dumbaugh, Kerry
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
President Clinton's South Asia Trip
President Clinton's March visit to South Asia focused primarily on broadening and deepening ties with India. The trip -- which included stops in Bangladesh and Pakistan -- was complicated by the downward spiral in India-Pakistan relations in the past year and Pakistan's military coup. In the course of his visit, the President addressed a number of important U.S. policy issues, including economic reform, nuclear proliferation, South Asia regional stability, terrorism, and democratization. This report will not be updated. For further background, see CRS Issue Brief 93097, India-U.S. Relations; CRS Issue Brief 94041, Pakistan-US Relations; and CRS Report RS20489, Bangladesh: Background and U.S. Relations.
Date:
March 31, 2000
Creator:
LePoer, Barbara Leitch
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Internships and Fellowships: Congressional, Federal, and Other Work Experience Opportunities
None
Date:
March 8, 2000
Creator:
Watkins, Susan E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Economic Sanctions and U.S. Agricultural Exports
Various statutes and regulations authorize the President to restrict or prohibit trade with targeted countries for national security or foreign policy reasons. The exercise of these authorities has resulted in restrictions or prohibitions at times being placed on the export of U.S. agricultural commodities and products. The U.S. government currently restricts exports of agricultural products as part of across-the-board economic sanctions imposed on Cuba and Iraq. Exceptions are made for humanitarian reasons, allowing food to be sold or donated to these two countries.
Date:
March 20, 2000
Creator:
Jurenas, Remy
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Pendulum Swings Back: Standing Doctrine After
On January 12, 2000, the Supreme Court held in Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw that plaintiffs had standing to pursue a Clean Water Act citizen suit, despite the fact that (1) the company-defendant had achieved compliance prior to the district court's decision, (2) plaintiffs sought only civil penalties payable to the U.S. Treasury, and (3) plaintiffs had demonstrated only reasonable concern, not physical injury to the environment. In so holding, the Court appeared to retrench substantially from its environmental standing decisions of the 1990s, which had all gone against plaintiffs. In the wake of Laidlaw, environmental citizen suits will be easier to bring. This report will not be updated.
Date:
March 14, 2000
Creator:
Meltz, Robert
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Coastal Zone Management Reauthorization: An Overview
Congress is considering legislation that would reauthorize the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. This overview summarizes the programs created by this act and its amendments, and outlines issues associated with reauthorization. These issues include reauthorizing funding, altering grant programs, changing the National Estuarine Research Reserve system, funding to implement nonpoint water pollution requirements, protecting private property rights, expanding program evaluation efforts, and examining effects of personal water craft on the coastal requirement. A reauthorization bill has been reported by the House Resources Committee (H.R. 2669, H. Rept. 106-485), and floor action is anticipated soon. In the Senate, no action has been taken.
Date:
March 14, 2000
Creator:
Zinn, Jeffrey A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods
Congressional interest in the labeling of genetically modified foods (GM foods) has been rising. So far, two bills have been introduced to mandate that all foods from genetically modified crops (GM crops) be labeled as such. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued its current GM food labeling policy in May 1992. At that time, the agency determined that it would regulate GM foods no differently than foods created by conventional means because FDA considered them substantially equivalent to traditional foods and decided that no special label would be needed. In the intervening period, extensive public debate surrounding the genetic modification of foods has led some consumers to call for labeling of such products. A label would permit customers to choose to avoid purchasing or consuming them. Others oppose labeling because to make such labels "truthful and not misleading" all commodities would need to be segregated and tested, and the label would not have room to impart information that could not be distributed in other ways. The federal government's role in regulating these foods is explained in CRS report RL30198, Food Biotechnology in the United States: Science, Regulation, and Issues. This report focuses specifically on views surrounding the labeling of …
Date:
March 20, 2000
Creator:
Vogt, Donna U. & Jackson, Brian A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Science, Technology, and Medicine: Issues Facing the 106th Congress, Second Session
None
Date:
March 16, 2000
Creator:
Rowberg, Richard E
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library