It is reported that lattice imaging with a 300 kV field emission microscope in combination with numerical reconstruction procedures can be used to reach an interpretable resolution of about 80 pm for the first time. A retrieval of the electron exit wave from focal series allows for the resolution of single atomic columns of the light elements carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen at a projected nearest neighbor spacing down to 85 pm. Lens aberrations are corrected on-line during the experiment and by hardware such that resulting image distortions are below 80 pm. Consequently, the imaging can be aberration-free to this extent. The resolution enhancement results from increased electrical and mechanical stability's of the instrument coupled with a low spherical aberration coefficient of 0.595 + 0.005 mm.

Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) computations are complicated by their dynamic nature. The development of solvers for realistic applications is complicated by both the complexity of the AMR and the geometry of realistic problem domains. The additional complexity of distributed memory parallelism within such AMR applications most commonly exceeds the level of complexity that can be reasonable maintained with traditional approaches toward software development. This paper will present the details of our object-oriented work on the simplification of the use of adaptive mesh refinement on applications with complex geometries for both serial and distributed memory parallel computation. We will present an independent set of object-oriented abstractions (C++ libraries) well suited to the development of such seemingly intractable scientific computations. As an example of the use of this object-oriented approach we will present recent results of an application modeling fluid flow in the eye. Within this example, the geometry is too complicated for a single curvilinear coordinate grid and so a set of overlapping curvilinear coordinate grids' are used. Adaptive mesh refinement and the required grid generation work to support the refinement process is coupled together in the solution of essentially elliptic equations within this domain. This paper will focus on the …

Pyrolysis of trimethylindium (TMIn) in a hot-wall flow-tube reactor has been investigated at temperatures between 573 and 723 K using a modulated molecular-beam mass-sampling technique and detailed numerical modeling. The TMIn was exposed to various mixtures of carrier gases: He, H{sub 2}, D{sub 2}, and C{sub 2}H{sub 4}, in an effort to elucidate the behavior exhibited by this compound in different chemical environments. The decomposition of TMIn is a heterogeneous, autocatalytic process with an induction period that is carrier-gas dependent and lasts on the order of minutes. After activation of the tube wall, the thermolysis exhibits a steady-state behavior that is surface mediated. This result is contrary to prior literature reports, which state that decomposition occurs in the gas phase via successive loss of the CH{sub 3} ligands. This finding also suggests that the bond dissociation energy for the (CH{sub 3}){sub 2}In-CH{sub 3} bond derived from flow-tube investigations is erroneous and should be reevaluated.

Florida legislation enacted in 1976 directed the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) to develop standards for solar energy systems manufactured or sold in the state, establish criteria for testing the performance of solar energy systems, and provide a means to display compliance with approved performance tests for these systems. This mandate has been effectively implemented for both solar domestic water heating and solar pool heating systems. With growing interest and markets for photovoltaic systems, plans are presently being developed to expand the scope of the mandate to include photovoltaic technology. This paper discusses four complementary facets of a photovoltaic (PV) system certification program. They include PV module performance characterization and rating; PV system design review and approval; examination and authorization of photovoltaic system installers; and inspection and acceptance testing of PV system installation. The suggested photovoltaic system process builds on lessons learned from over 20 years of testing, certifying and labeling of solar thermal collectors, and the certification of solar thermal systems.

There have been many versions of spin-dependent parton distributions in the literature. Although most agree with present data within uncertainties, they are based upon different physical assumptions. Some physical models are discussed and the corresponding predictions for double spin asymmetries are shown. A summary of the most feasible measurements in the appropriate kinematic regions at RHIC, which should yield the most useful information about the polarized gluon distribution, is given.

There is currently no standardized method to check the measurement capabilities of computed tomography (CT) systems within industry. The current method to determine the functionality of CT systems is by use of a test phantom to represent the actual part to be tested. A standard method to check the software algorithms when measuring such parameters as density of a material and the size of an object is not readily available. Many different materials are evaluated by CT systems. A set of standards necessitates the inclusion of materials that cover the gambit of materials encountered. The Federal Manufacturing and Technologies (FM and T) CT standards are designed to accommodate a variety of materials and several different sizes. This provides a method to check the CT system for size measurement capabilities and material density measurement as well as aid in optimizing the geometric parameters of the machine configuration.

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Electrodialysis technology for recovering salt from aluminum salt cake is being developed at Argonne National Laboratory. Salt cake, a slag-like aluminum-industry waste stream, contains aluminum metal, salt (NaCl and KCl), and nonmetallics (primarily aluminum oxide). Salt cake can be recycled by digesting with water and filtering to recover the metal and oxide values. A major obstacle to widespread salt cake recycling is the cost of recovering salt from the process brine. Electrodialysis technology developed at Argonne appears to be a cost-effective approach to handling the salt brines, compared to evaporation or disposal. In Argonne's technology, the salt brine is concentrated until salt crystals are precipitated in the electrodialysis stack; the crystals are recovered downstream. The technology is being evaluated on the pilot scale using Eurodia's EUR 40-76-5 stack.

The intrinsic dissolution rates of nine borosilicate waste glasses were extracted from the results of MCC-1 tests conducted for durations long enough that the solution pH reached a nearly constant value but short enough that the buildup of dissolved species did not affect the dissolution rate. The effects of the pH and temperature on the measured rates were deconvoluted to determine the sensitivity of the rate to the glass composition. The intrinsic dissolution rates were similar for all of these glasses and were not correlated with the glass composition. The mean and standard deviation of the intrinsic dissolution rates of these glasses are log k{sub 0}/[g/(m{sup 2}{center_dot}d)] = 8.2 {+-} 0.2.

The authors have grown epitaxial Pb(Mg{sub 1/3}Nb{sub 2/3})O{sub 3} (PMN) and (1-x)(Pb(Mg{sub 1/3}Nb{sub 2/3})O{sub 3})-x(PBTiO{sub 3})(PMN-PT)thin films by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition at 700 -- 780 C on (100) SrTiO{sub 3} and SrRuO{sub 3}/SrTiO{sub 3} substrates. The zero-bias permittivity and loss measured at room temperature and 10 kHz for 220 nm thick pure PMN films were 900 and 1.5%, respectively. For PMN-PT films the small-signal permittivity ranged from 1000 to 1500 depending on deposition conditions and Ti content; correspondingly low values for the zero-bias dielectric loss between 1 and 5% were determined for all specimens. For PMN-PT with x of approximately 0.30--0.35, polarization hysteresis with P{sub r}{approximately}18{mu}C/cm{sup 2} was obtained. Initial piezoresponse data are discussed.

Minimizing the likelihood of solder joint embrittlement in connectors is realized by reducing or eliminating retained Au plating and/or Au-Sn intermetallic compound formation from the assemblies. Gold removal is performed most effectively by using a double wicking process. When only a single wicking procedure can be used, a higher soldering temperature improves the process of Au removal from the connector surfaces and to a nominal extent, removal of Au-contaminated solder from the joint. A longer soldering time did not appear to offer any appreciable improvement toward removing the Au-contaminated solder from the joint. Because the wicking procedure was a manual process, it was operator dependent.

At least two distinct kinds of hydrogeochemical models have evolved historically for use in analyzing contaminant transport, but each has important limitations. One kind, focusing on organic contaminants, treats biodegradation reactions as parts of relatively simple kinetic reaction networks with no or limited coupling to aqueous and surface complexation and mineral dissolution/precipitation reactions. A second kind, evolving out of the speciation and reaction path codes, is capable of handling a comprehensive suite of multicomponent complexation (aqueous and surface) and mineral precipitation and dissolution reactions, but has not been able to treat reaction networks characterized by partial redox disequilibrium and multiple kinetic pathways. More recently, various investigators have begun to consider biodegradation reactions in the context of comprehensive equilibrium and kinetic reaction networks (e.g. Hunter et al. 1998, Mayer 1999). Here we explore two examples of multiple equilibrium and kinetic reaction pathways using the reactive transport code GIMRT98 (Steefel, in prep.): (1) a computational example involving the generation of acid mine drainage due to oxidation of pyrite, and (2) a computational/field example where the rates of chlorinated VOC degradation are linked to the rates of major redox processes occurring in organic-rich wetland sediments overlying a contaminated aerobic aquifer.

The canonical variate analysis technique is used in this investigation, along with a data transformation algorithm, to identify a system in a transform space. The transformation algorithm involves the preprocessing of measured excitation/response data with a zero-memory-nonlinear transform, specifically, the Rosenblatt transform. This transform approximately maps the measured excitation and response data from its own space into the space of uncorrelated, standard normal random variates. Following this transform, it is appropriate to model the excitation/response relation as linear since Gaussian inputs excite Gaussian responses in linear structures. The linear model is identified in the transform space using the canonical variate analysis approach, and system responses in the original space are predicted using inverse Rosenblatt transformation. An example is presented.

Complex problems in materials science require very sensitive, high spatial resolution (< 100 nm) determination of chemical (molecular) structures in near-surface volumes. Slow, highly charged ions (HCIs) provide a new, unique tool for probing chemical structure on a nanometer scale. The authors have explored the potential of these new highly charged ion based techniques in studies of materials with programmatic significance such as high explosives and actinide surfaces. Specifically the are studying HCI based surface analysis techniques (such as secondary ion mass spectrometry, SIMS) that are capable of achieving sensitivity of less than 10{sup 9} atoms/cm{sup 2}. In addition, this technique can determine chemical structure and hydrogen concentration. These attributes make this technique especially important to Laboratory missions in enhanced surveillance and nonproliferation. The unique advantage of HCIs over singly charged ions is the extreme energy density that is deposited into a nanometer-sized near-surface volume at the impact of a single HCI. For example, a Au{sup 69+} ion deposits about 0.5 MJ/cm{sup 3}. This high energy density causes the emission of a large number of secondary particles (electrons, ions, neutral atoms, and clusters) from surfaces. The emitted particles act as probes of the energy dissipation mechanism, and their yields are …

The objective of this study was to design, synthesize, and characterize thickening agents for dense carbon dioxide and to evaluate their solubility and viscosity-enhancing potential in CO{sub 2}. Previously, fluoroacrylate homopolymers and fluorinated telechelic ionomers were shown to increase the viscosity of carbon dioxide by a factor of 3--4 at concentrations of 2--3 at concentrations of 4--5 wt%. This report details the findings for several new types of carbon dioxide thickening candidates. Hydrocarbon-fluorocarbon random copolymers, sulfonated hydrocarbon-fluorocarbon random copolymers, semifluorinated trialkyltin fluorides and small hydrogen-bounding compounds were evaluated.

The objective of this study was to incorporate carbon dioxide-philic functionalities into the structure of a telechelic ionomers in an attempt to design a carbon dioxide-thickener. Alkyl analogs of these end-functionalized polymers have been successfully employed in dilute concentration to increase the viscosity of organic liquids or to induce gelation. The ionic end-groups associated in solution, establishing a viscosity enhancing macromolecular structure. More dramatic viscosity changes have been attained at very dilute concentrations with low MW associating compounds than with ultra-high MW polymers. The apparent molecular weight of the associative network greatly exceeds the MW of the covalently-bounded polymer in solution, yet the relatively low molecular weight of the compound favors its solubilization.

The objective of this study was to design, synthesize, and characterize thickening agents for dense carbon dioxide and to evaluate their solubility and viscosity-enhancing potential in CO{sub 2}. Previously, hydrocarbon-fluorocarbon random copolymers, sulfated hydrocarbon-fluorocarbon random copolymers, semifluorinated trialkyltin fluorides and small hydrogen-bonding compounds were evaluated. Random copolymers of styrene and heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate yielded substantial increases in viscosity. The amount of styrene varied between 22--40 mole% in the copolymer. Falling cylinder viscometry results indicated that the 29% styrene--71% fluoroacrylate copolymer induced (at 295K and 34.5 Mpa) increases of 10, 60 and 250 at copolymer concentrations of 1, 3 and 5wt%, respectively.

The objective of this study was to design, synthesize, and characterize thickening agents for dense carbon dioxide and to evaluate their solubility and viscosity-enhancing potential in CO{sub 2}. Hydrocarbon-fluorocarbon random copolymers, sulfated hydrocarbon-fluorocarbon random copolymers, semifluorinated trialkyltin fluorides and small hydrogen-bonding compounds were evaluated. Random copolymers of styrene and heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate were characterized by high solubility ion dense carbon dioxide and the most substantial increases in solution viscosity. Falling cylinder viscometry results indicated that the 29%styrene--71%fluoroacylate bulk-polymerized copolymer induced 2--250 fold increases in viscosity at copolymer concentrations of 0.2--5.0wt%.

The objective of this study was to design, synthesize, and characterize thickening agents for dense carbon dioxide and to evaluate their solubility and viscosity-enhancing potential in CO{sub 2}. Hydrocarbon-fluorocarbon random copolymers, sulfonated hydrocarbon-fluorocarbon random copolymers, semifluorinated trialkyltin fluorides and small hydrogen-bonding compounds have been evaluated. Random copolymers of styrene and heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate yielded substantial increases in viscosity. Falling cylinder viscometry results indicated that the 29%styrene--71%fluoroacrylate bulk-polymerized copolymer induced very significant viscosity increases at copolymer concentrations of 0.1--5.0wt%.

A subgrid model is presented for use in CFD fire simulations to account for thermal suppressants and strain. The extinguishment criteria is based on the ratio of a local fluid-mechanics time-scale to a local chemical time-scale compared to an empirically-determined critical Damkohler number. Local extinction occurs if this time scale is exceeded, global fire extinguishment occurs when local extinction has occurred for all combusting cells. The fluid mechanics time scale is based on the Kolmogorov time scale and the chemical time scale is based on blowout of a perfectly stirred reactor. The input to the reactor is based on cell averaged temperatures, assumed stoichiometric fuel/air composition, and cell averaged suppressant concentrations including combustion products. A detailed chemical mechanism is employed. The chemical time-scale is precalculated and mixing rules are used to reduce the composition space that must be parameterized. Comparisons with experimental data for fire extinguishment in a flame-stabilizing, backward-facing step geometry indicates that the model is conservative for this condition.

The following arrival information is a supplement to Myers and Schultz (2000). Myers and Schultz (2000) demonstrate the improvement in sparse-network location that can be achieved by using travel-time corrections determined with a Bayesian Kriging algorithm (Schultz et al., 1998). Precise, benchmark locations are provided by a local aftershock study of the 1991 Racha, Georgia earthquake sequence in the Caucasus Mountains (Fuenzalida et al., 1997). A test network is used to relocate the aftershocks with and without travel-time corrections. The test network is meant to represent a typical International Monitoring System configuration, with 6 stations at regional to near teleseismic distances (less then 30{sup o} from the epicenter). The following arrival-time data help to facilitate the reproduction of Myers and Schultz (2000). The arrival picks were obtained from the International Seismic Center (ISC) (openly available) and a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) analyst (Flori Ryan). Table 1 lists the arrivals in epic time (time since January 1, 1970). The author of the arrival pick is listed as either ''flori'' or ''-'', where ''-'' indicates ISC. Table 2 lists the hypocenter information determined in the local aftershock study of Fuenzalida et al. (1997), and Table 3 lists the station information for …

The purpose of this position paper is to describe the circumstances leading to the decision to delete the dynamic CST small column radiolytic gas generation test from the current phase of tests and the impact of that decision on the Decision Phase.

NFPA 101, section 5-9 mandates that, where required by building classification, all designated emergency egress routes be provided with adequate emergency lighting in the event of a normal lighting outage. Emergency lighting is to be arranged so that egress routes are illuminated to an average of 1.0 footcandle with a minimum at any point of 0.1 footcandle, as measured at floor level. These levels are permitted to drop to 60% of their original value over the required 90 minute emergency lighting duration after a power outage. The Plutonium Finishing Plant (PFP) has two designations for battery powered egress lights ''Emergency Lights'' are those battery powered lights required by NFPA 101 to provide lighting along officially designated egress routes in those buildings meeting the correct occupancy requirements. Emergency Lights are maintained on a monthly basis by procedure ZSR-12N-001. ''Backup Lights'' are battery powered lights not required by NFPA, but installed in areas where additional light may be needed. The Backup Light locations were identified by PFP Safety and Engineering based on several factors. (1) General occupancy and type of work in the area. Areas occupied briefly during a shiftly surveillance do not require backup lighting while a room occupied fairly frequently …

Phase transitions that occur during lithium insertion into layered and framework structures are discussed in the context of their application as positive and negative electrodes in lithium-ion batteries. The discussion is focused on the two-dimensional structures of graphite, LiNi{sub 1{minus}x}M{sub x}O{sub 2} (M = Co, Ti and Mg), and Li{sub 1.2}V{sub 3}O{sub 8}; examples of framework structures with a three-dimensional interstitial space for Li{sup +}-ion transport include the spinel oxides and intermetallic compounds with zinc-blende-type structures. The phase transitions are discussed in terms of their tolerance to lithium insertion and extraction and to the chemical stability of the electrodes in the cell environment.