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2006 Update of Business Downtime Costs
The objective of this paper is to assess the downtime cost of power outages to businesses in the commercial and industrial sectors, updating and improving upon studies that have already been published on this subject. The goal is to produce a study that, relative to existing studies, (1) applies to a wider set of business types (2) reflects more current downtime costs, (3) accounts for the time duration factor of power outages, and (4) includes data on the costs imposed by real outages in a well-defined market. This study examines power outage costs in 11 commercial subsectors and 5 industrial subsectors, using data on downtime costs that was collected in the 1990's. This study also assesses power outage costs for power outages of 20 minutes, 1 hour, and 4 hours duration. Finally, this study incorporates data on the costs of real power outages for two business subsectors. However, the current limited state of data availability on the topic of downtime costs means there is room to improve upon this study. Useful next steps would be to generate more recent data on downtime costs, data that covers outages shorter than 20 minutes duration and longer than 4 hours duration, and more …
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
Hinrichs, Doug & Goggin, Michael
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The 4th Annual International Conference on Hormesis: Implications for Toxicology, Medicine and Risk Assessment. The annual Meeting of the International Hormesis Society. Abstract Book. June 6-8, 2005, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA. 26 pages.
None
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
Calabrese, Edward J. & Kostecki, Paul T.
Object Type:
Text
System:
The UNT Digital Library
ACRF Instrumentation Status: New, Current, and Future January 2007
The purpose of this report is to provide a concise but comprehensive overview of Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Climate Research Facility instrumentation status. The report is divided into four sections: (1) new instrumentation in the process of being acquired and deployed, (2) existing instrumentation and progress on improvements or upgrades, (3) proposed future instrumentation, and (4) Small Business Innovation Research instrument development.
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
Liljegren, J. C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Active assembly for large-scale manufacturing of integrated nanostructures.
Microtubules and motor proteins are protein-based biological agents that work cooperatively to facilitate the organization and transport of nanomaterials within living organisms. This report describes the application of these biological agents as tools in a novel, interdisciplinary scheme for assembling integrated nanostructures. Specifically, selective chemistries were used to direct the favorable adsorption of active motor proteins onto lithographically-defined gold electrodes. Taking advantage of the specific affinity these motor proteins have for microtubules, the motor proteins were used to capture polymerized microtubules out of suspension to form dense patterns of microtubules and microtubule bridges between gold electrodes. These microtubules were then used as biofunctionalized templates to direct the organization of functionalized nanocargo including single-walled carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles. This biologically-mediated scheme for nanomaterials assembly has shown excellent promise as a foundation for developing new biohybrid approaches to nanoscale manufacturing.
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
Spoerke, Erik David; Bunker, Bruce Conrad; Orendorff, Christopher J.; Bachand, George David; Hendricks, Judy K. & Matzke, Carolyn M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Adaptive Peircean decision aid project summary assessments.
This efforts objective was to identify and hybridize a suite of technologies enabling the development of predictive decision aids for use principally in combat environments but also in any complex information terrain. The technologies required included formal concept analysis for knowledge representation and information operations, Peircean reasoning to support hypothesis generation, Mill's's canons to begin defining information operators that support the first two technologies and co-evolutionary game theory to provide the environment/domain to assess predictions from the reasoning engines. The intended application domain is the IED problem because of its inherent evolutionary nature. While a fully functioning integrated algorithm was not achieved the hybridization and demonstration of the technologies was accomplished and demonstration of utility provided for a number of ancillary queries.
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
Senglaub, Michael E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Adaptively Improving Long Distance Network Transfers With Logistics
Long distance data movement is an essential activity of modern computing. However, the congestion control mechanisms in the Internet’s Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) severely limit the bandwidth achieved by long distance data transfers. The throughput of such transfers can be improved by applying the logistical technique of breaking a single long distance transfer into multiple shorter transfers. This technique can result in signifi cantly improved throughput while still respecting the shared nature of the Internet by not attempting to circumvent the TCP congestion controls. This technique has been incorporated into an algorithm which attempts to dynamically schedule transfers for optimal throughput. The algorithm couples graph techniques with real-time latency and bandwidth measurements to discover the best path and adaptively respond to network dynamics. The algorithm shows improvements in speed and fl exibility over standard data transfer methods such as FTP. Specifi c transfers tests performed between Oak Ridge National Laboratory and a destination in Sunnyvale, CA show throughput increases by a factor of two.
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
LaBissoniere, David & Roche, Kenneth
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Adjustable Speed Pumping Applications: Industrial Technologies Program (ITP) Pumping Systems Tip Sheet #11
This two-page tip sheet provides practical tips on application of Adjustable Speed Drives in industrial settings.
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
ADVANCED CEMENTS FOR GEOTHERMAL WELLS
Using the conventional well cements consisting of the calcium silicate hydrates (CaO-SiO{sub 2}-H{sub 2}O system) and calcium aluminum silicate hydrates (CaO-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-SiO{sub 2}-H{sub 2}O system) for the integrity of geothermal wells, the serious concern confronting the cementing industries was their poor performance in mechanically supporting the metallic well casing pipes and in mitigating the pipe's corrosion in very harsh geothermal reservoirs. These difficulties are particularly acute in two geological regions: One is the deep hot downhole area ({approx} 1700 m depth at temperatures of {approx} 320 C) that contains hyper saline water with high concentrations of CO{sub 2} (> 40,000 ppm) in conjunction with {approx} 100 ppm H{sub 2}S at a mild acid of pH {approx} 5.0; the other is the upper well region between the well's surface and {approx} 1000 m depth at temperatures up to 200 C. The specific environment of the latter region is characterized by highly concentrated H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} (pH < 1.5) brine containing at least 5000 ppm CO{sub 2}. When these conventional cements are emplaced in these harsh environments, their major shortcoming is their susceptibility to reactions with hot CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}SO4, thereby causing their deterioration brought about by CO{sub 2}-catalyzed …
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
SUGAMA,T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Advanced Pressure Boundary Materials
Increasing the operating temperatures of fossil power plants is fundamental to improving thermal efficiencies and reducing undesirable emissions such as CO{sub 2}. One group of alloys with the potential to satisfy the conditions required of higher operating temperatures is the advanced ferritic steels such as ASTM Grade 91, 9Cr-2W, and 12Cr-2W. These are Cr-Mo steels containing 9-12 wt% Cr that have martensitic microstructures. Research aimed at increasing the operating temperature limits of the 9-12 wt% Cr steels and optimizing them for specific power plant applications has been actively pursued since the 1970's. As with all of the high strength martensitic steels, specifying upper temperature limits for tempering the alloys and heat treating weldments is a critical issue. To support this aspect of development, thermodynamic analysis was used to estimate how this critical temperature, the A{sub 1} in steel terminology, varies with alloy composition. The results from the thermodynamic analysis were presented to the Strength of Weldments subgroup of the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code and are being considered in establishing maximum postweld heat treatment temperatures. Experiments are also being planned to verify predictions. This is part of a CRADA project being done with Alstom Power, Inc.
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
Santella, Michael L. & Shingledecker, John P.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Advanced robot locomotion.
This report contains the results of a research effort on advanced robot locomotion. The majority of this work focuses on walking robots. Walking robot applications include delivery of special payloads to unique locations that require human locomotion to exo-skeleton human assistance applications. A walking robot could step over obstacles and move through narrow openings that a wheeled or tracked vehicle could not overcome. It could pick up and manipulate objects in ways that a standard robot gripper could not. Most importantly, a walking robot would be able to rapidly perform these tasks through an intuitive user interface that mimics natural human motion. The largest obstacle arises in emulating stability and balance control naturally present in humans but needed for bipedal locomotion in a robot. A tracked robot is bulky and limited, but a wide wheel base assures passive stability. Human bipedal motion is so common that it is taken for granted, but bipedal motion requires active balance and stability control for which the analysis is non-trivial. This report contains an extensive literature study on the state-of-the-art of legged robotics, and it additionally provides the analysis, simulation, and hardware verification of two variants of a proto-type leg design.
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
Neely, Jason C.; Sturgis, Beverly Rainwater; Byrne, Raymond Harry; Feddema, John Todd; Spletzer, Barry Louis; Rose, Scott E. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Air Leakage of U.S. Homes: Model Prediction
Air tightness is an important property of building envelopes. It is a key factor in determining infiltration and related wall-performance properties such as indoor air quality, maintainability and moisture balance. Air leakage in U.S. houses consumes roughly 1/3 of the HVAC energy but provides most of the ventilation used to control IAQ. The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has been gathering residential air leakage data from many sources and now has a database of more than 100,000 raw measurements. This paper uses a model developed from that database in conjunction with US Census Bureau data for estimating air leakage as a function of location throughout the US.
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
Sherman, Max H. & McWilliams, Jennifer A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 108, No. 236, Ed. 1 Monday, January 1, 2007
Daily newspaper from Altus, Oklahoma that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
Bush, Michael
Object Type:
Newspaper
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Analysis of Energy Saving Impacts of New Residential Energy Codes for the Gulf Coast
At the request of the Government Accountability Office (GAO), DOE’s Building Energy Codes Program performed an analysis of the energy savings and cost impacts associated with the use of newer and more efficient residential building energy codes in the states of Louisiana and Mississippi.
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
Lucas, Robert G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analysis of Fuel Cell Vehicle Hybridization and Implications for Energy Storage Devices: June 2004
This paper addresses the impact of fuel efficiency characteristics on vehicle system efficiency, fuel economy from downsizing different fuel cells, as well as the energy storage system.
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
Zolot, M.; Markel, T. & Pesaran, A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analysis of the Water-Splitting Capabilities of Gallium Indium Phosphide Nitride (GaInPN)
With increasing demand for oil, the fossil fuels used to power society’s vehicles and homes are becoming harder to obtain, creating pollution problems and posing hazard’s to people’s health. Hydrogen, a clean and effi cient energy carrier, is one alternative to fossil fuels. Certain semiconductors are able to harness the energy of solar photons and direct it into water electrolysis in a process known as photoelectrochemical water-splitting. P-type gallium indium phosphide (p-GaInP2) in tandem with GaAs is a semiconductor system that exhibits water-splitting capabilities with a solar-tohydrogen effi ciency of 12.4%. Although this material is effi cient at producing hydrogen through photoelectrolysis it has been shown to be unstable in solution. By introducing nitrogen into this material, there is great potential for enhanced stability. In this study, gallium indium phosphide nitride Ga1-yInyP1-xNx samples were grown using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition in an atmospheric-pressure vertical reactor. Photocurrent spectroscopy determined these materials to have a direct band gap around 2.0eV. Mott-Schottky analysis indicated p-type behavior with variation in fl atband potentials with varied frequencies and pH’s of solutions. Photocurrent onset and illuminated open circuit potential measurements correlated to fl atband potentials determined from previous studies. Durability analysis suggested improved stability over the …
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
Head, J. & Turner, J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Annual Post-Closure Inspection and Monitoring Report for Corrective Action Unit 329: Area 22 Desert Rock Airstrip Fuel Spill, Nevada Test Site, Nevada, with Errata Sheet, Rev. No.: 1
This report presents the data collected during field activities and quarterly soil-gas sampling activities conducted from May 9, 2005, through May 20, 2006, at Corrective Action Unit (CAU) 329, Area 22 Desert Rock Airstrip (DRA) Fuel Spill; Corrective Action Site (CAS) 22-44-01, Fuel Spill. The CAU is located at the DRA, which is located approximately two miles southwest of Mercury, Nevada. A risk evaluation was added to the scope of the project to determine if the residual concentration of the hazardous constituents of JP4 pose an unacceptable risk to human health or the environment and if a corrective action was required at the site, because the current quarterly monitoring program is not expected to yield a rate constant that could be used effectively to determine a biodegradation rate for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in less than the initial five years outlined in the CR. Additionally, remediation to the Tier 1 action level for TPH is not practical or technically feasible due to the depth of contamination. Field activities were conducted under the Addendum to the CR to collect sufficient data to determine the rate of biodegradation for TPH contamination at CAU 329 to support closure requirements. Reconstruction of the monitoring …
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
Wickline, Alfred
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Annual Transportation Report for Radioactive Waste Shipments to and from the Nevada Test Site, Fiscal Year 2006
In February 1997, the U.S. Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office issued the Mitigation Action Plan which addressed potential impacts described in the “Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Nevada Test Site and Off-Site Locations in the State of Nevada” (DOE/EIS 0243). The U.S. Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office committed to several actions, including the preparation of an annual report, which summarizes waste shipments to and from the Nevada Test Site (NTS) Radioactive Waste Management Sites (RWMS) at Area 3 and Area 5. This document satisfies requirements with regard to low-level radioactive waste (LLW) and mixed low-level radioactive waste (MLLW) transported to or from the NTS during fiscal year (FY) 2006.
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
United States. National Nuclear Security Administration. Nevada Site Office.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Annual Waste Minimization Summary Report
This report summarizes the waste minimization efforts undertaken by National Security Technologies, LLC (NSTec), for the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Site Office (NNSA/NSO), during CY06. This report was developed in accordance with the requirements of the Nevada Test Site (NTS) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Permit (No. NEV HW0021) and as clarified in a letter dated April 21, 1995, from Paul Liebendorfer of the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection to Donald Elle of the DOE, Nevada Operations Office. The NNSA/NSO Pollution Prevention (P2) Program establishes a process to reduce the volume and toxicity of waste generated by the NNSA/NSO and ensures that proposed methods of treatment, storage, and/or disposal of waste minimize potential threats to human health and the environment. The following information provides an overview of the P2 Program, major P2 accomplishments during the reporting year, a comparison of the current year waste generation to prior years, and a description of efforts undertaken during the year to reduce the volume and toxicity of waste generated by the NNSA/NSO.
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
Karns, Alfred J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Atmospheric electron neutrinos in the MINOS far detector
Neutrinos produced as a result of cosmic-ray interactions in the earth's atmosphere offer a powerful probe into the nature of this three-membered family of low-mass, weakly-interacting particles. Ten years ago, the Super-Kamiokande Experiment has confirmed earlier indications that neutrinos undergo lepton-flavor oscillations during propagation, proving that they are massive contrary to the previous Standard Model assumptions. The Soudan Underground Laboratory, located in northern Minnesota, was host to the Soudan2 Experiment, which has made important contributions to atmospheric neutrino research. This same lab has more recently been host to the MINOS far detector, a neutrino detector which serves as the downstream element of an accelerator-based long-baseline neutrino-oscillation experiment. This thesis has examined 418.5 live days of atmospheric neutrino data (fiducial exposure of 4.18 kton-years) collected in the MINOS far detector prior to the activation of the NuMI neutrino beam, with a specific emphasis on the investigation of electron-type neutrino interactions. Atmospheric neutrino interaction candidates have been selected and separated into showering or track-like events. The showering sample consists of 89 observed events, while the track-like sample consists of 112 observed events. Based on the Bartol atmospheric neutrino flux model of Barr et al. plus a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of interactions …
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
Speakman, Benjamin Phillip
Object Type:
Thesis or Dissertation
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Attempted RIAPMTQ Benchmarking Study of the ANL RIA Low-Beta LinacDesign
The objective of this work is to compare the simulation results of the RIAPMTQ code with those of the ANL simulation code for the low-beta section of an ANL RIA Driver Linac design. However, the approach taken is not precisely that of a direct comparison of the two simulations of the same linac section, which is what one would normally expect to do. The reason is that the RFQ design approach used by the ANL codes and the LANL codes are approximately but not exactly the same, particularly at the ends of the RFQ, and it did not appear to be easy to make the two RFQ designs exactly identical. The effects on the beam of the different RFQ design approaches are not expected to be large, as long as the beam is properly matched at the transitions. What was done in the RIAPMTQ input file to compensate for the RFQ design difference was to use TRACE3D to adjust the four solenoid strengths and the two matching rf cavities in the MEBT (the beam transport system between the end of the RFQ and the beginning of the superconducting linac) to obtain the same match (Courant-Snyder parameters) into the superconducting linac …
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
Billen, J.; Qiang, J. & Wangler, T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Baytown Sun (Baytown, Tex.), Vol. 86, No. 36, Ed. 1 Monday, January 1, 2007
Daily newspaper from Baytown, Texas that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
Clements, Clifford E.
Object Type:
Newspaper
System:
The Portal to Texas History
Berkeley UXO Discriminator (BUD)
The Berkeley UXO Discriminator (BUD) is an optimally designed active electromagnetic system that not only detects but also characterizes UXO. The system incorporates three orthogonal transmitters and eight pairs of differenced receivers. it has two modes of operation: (1) search mode, in which BUD moves along a profile and exclusively detects targets in its vicinity, providing target depth and horizontal location, and (2) discrimination mode, in which BUD, stationary above a target, from a single position, determines three discriminating polarizability responses together with the object location and orientation. The performance of the system is governed by a target size-depth curve. Maximum detection depth is 1.5 m. While UXO objects have a single major polarizability coincident with the long axis of the object and two equal transverse polarizabilities, scrap metal has three different principal polarizabilities. The results clearly show that there are very clear distinctions between symmetric intact UXO and irregular scrap metal, and that BUD can resolve the intrinsic polarizabilities of the target. The field survey at the Yuma Proving Ground in Arizona showed excellent results within the predicted size-depth range.
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
Gasperikova, Erika; Smith, J. Torquil; Morrison, H. Frank & Becker, Alex
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Beryllium in Surface Soils Collected within and around Los Alamos National Laboratory: 1992–2006
This report describes Beryllium in Surface Soils Collected within and around Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
Fresquez, P. R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Biennial Report to the 80th Texas Legislature: State Office of Risk Management
Biennial report to the Texas Legislature describing the activities of the State Office of Risk Management (SORM) during fiscal years 2005 and 2006, including information on state agency financing, claims, losses, and expenditures.
Date:
January 1, 2007
Creator:
Texas. State Office of Risk Management.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The Portal to Texas History