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Opportunities for Saving Energy and Improving Air Quality in Urban Heat Islands
World energy use is the main contributor to atmospheric CO2. In 2002, about 7.0 giga metric tons of carbon (GtC) were emitted internationally by combustion of gas, liquid, and solid fuels (CDIAC, 2006), 2 to 5 times the amount contributed by deforestation (Brown et al., 1988). The share of atmospheric carbon emissions for the United States from fossil fuel combustion was 1.6 GtC. Increasing use of fossil fuel and deforestation together have raised atmospheric CO{sub 2} concentration some 25% over the last 150 years. According to global climate models and preliminary measurements, these changes in the composition of the atmosphere have already begun raising the Earth's average temperature. If current energy trends continue, these changes could drastically alter the Earth's temperature, with unknown but potentially catastrophic physical and political consequences. During the last three decades, increased energy awareness has led to conservation efforts and leveling of energy consumption in the industrialized countries. An important byproduct of this reduced energy use is the lowering of CO{sub 2} emissions. Of all electricity generated in the United States, about one-sixth is used to air-condition buildings. The air-conditioning use is about 400 tera-watt-hours (TWh), equivalent to about 80 million metric tons of carbon (MtC) …
Date:
July 1, 2007
Creator:
Akbari, Hashem
Object Type:
Book
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Status of cool roof standards in the United States
Since 1999, several widely used building energy efficiency standards, including ASHRAE 90.1, ASHRAE 90.2, the International Energy Conservation Code, and California's Title 24 have adopted cool roof credits or requirements. We review the technical development of cool roof provisions in the ASHRAE 90.1, ASHRAE 90.2, and California Title 24 standards, and discuss the treatment of cool roofs in other standards and energy-efficiency programs. The techniques used to develop the ASHRAE and Title 24 cool roof provisions can be used as models to address cool roofs in building energy standards worldwide.
Date:
June 1, 2007
Creator:
Akbari, Hashem & Levinson, Ronnen
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Feasibility Study of Using Short Wave Infrared Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy (SWIR-CRDS) for Biological Agent Detection
This project focused on determining the feasibility of using short wave infrared (SWIR) cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) as a means for real-time detection of biological aerosols. The first part of the project involved identifying biological agent signatures that could be detected with SWIR CRDS. After an exhaustive search of the open literature it was determined that whole biological spores and/or cells would not be good candidates for direct SWIR CRDS probing because they have no unique SWIR signatures. It was postulated that while whole cells or spores are not good candidates for SWIR CRDS detection, their pyrolysis break-down products might be. A literature search was then conducted to find biological pyrolysis products with low molecular weights and high symmetry since these species most likely would have overtone and combination vibrational bands that can be detected in the SWIR. It was determined that pyrrole, pyridine and picolinamide were good candidates for evaluation. These molecules are formed when proteins and porphyrins, proteins and dipicolinic acid, and dipicolinic acid are pyrolyzed, respectively. The second part of the project involved measuring quantitative SWIR spectra of pyrrole, pyridine and picolinamide in PNNL’s FTIR Spectroscopy Laboratory. Spectral information about these molecules, in the vapor phase …
Date:
October 1, 2007
Creator:
Aker, Pam M.; Johnson, Timothy J.; Williams, Richard M. & Valentine, Nancy B.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Search for third generation vector leptoquarks in 1.96 TeV proton-antiproton collisions
The CDF experiment has searched for production of a third generation vector leptoquark (VLQ3) in the di-tau plus di-jet channel using 322 pb{sup -1} of Run II data. We review the production and decay theory and describe the VLQ3 model we have used as a benchmark. We study the analysis, including the data sample, triggers, particle identification, and event selection. We also discuss background estimates and systematic uncertainties. We have found no evidence for VLQ3 production and have set a 95% C.L. upper limit on the pair production cross section {sigma} to 344 fb, and exclude VLQ3 in the mass range m{sub VLQ3} > 317 GeV/c{sup 2}, assuming Yang-Mills couplings and Br(LQ3 {yields} b{tau}) = 1. If theoretical uncertainties on the cross section are taken into account, the results are {sigma} < 353 fb and m{sub VLQ3} > 303 GeV/c{sup 2}. For a VLQ3 with Minimal couplings, the upper limit on the cross section is {sigma} < 493 fb ({sigma} < 554 fb) and the lower limit on the mass is m{sub VLQ3} > 251 GeV/c{sup 2} (m{sub VLQ3} > 235 GeV/c{sup 2}) for the nominal (1{sigma} varied) theoretical expectation.
Date:
February 1, 2007
Creator:
Akimoto, Takashi
Object Type:
Thesis or Dissertation
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Tools for characterizing biomembranes : final LDRD report.
A suite of experimental nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy tools were developed to investigate lipid structure and dynamics in model membrane systems. By utilizing both multinuclear and multidimensional NMR experiments a range of different intra- and inter-molecular contacts were probed within the membranes. Examples on pure single component lipid membranes and on the canonical raft forming mixture of DOPC/SM/Chol are presented. A unique gel phase pretransition in SM was also identified and characterized using these NMR techniques. In addition molecular dynamics into the hydrogen bonding network unique to sphingomyelin containing membranes were evaluated as a function of temperature, and are discussed.
Date:
October 1, 2007
Creator:
Alam, Todd Michael; Stevens, Mark; Holland, Gregory P. & McIntyre, Sarah K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Green Energy: Advancing Bio-Hydrogen
Developing a model of metabolism linked to H2 production in green algae. Develop tools for parameter discovery and optimization at organism level and advance knowledge of hydrogen-producting photosynthetic organisms.
Date:
July 1, 2007
Creator:
Alber, D.
Object Type:
Presentation
System:
The UNT Digital Library
"Bait vehicle" technologies and motor vehicle theft along the southwest border.
In 2005, over 33% of all the vehicles reported stolen in the United States occurred in the four southwestern border states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, which all have very high vehicle theft rates in comparison to the national average. This report describes the utilization of 'bait vehicles' and associated technologies in the context of motor vehicle theft along the southwest border of the U.S. More than 100 bait vehicles are estimated to be in use by individual agencies and auto theft task forces in the southwestern border states. The communications, tracking, mapping, and remote control technologies associated with bait vehicles provide law enforcement with an effective tool to obtain arrests in vehicle theft 'hot spots'. Recorded audio and video from inside the vehicle expedite judicial proceedings as offenders rarely contest the evidence presented. At the same time, law enforcement is very interested in upgrading bait vehicle technology through the use of live streaming video for enhanced officer safety and improved situational awareness. Bait vehicle effectiveness could be enhanced by dynamic analysis of motor theft trends through exploitation of geospatial, timeline, and other analytical tools to better inform very near-term operational decisions, including the selection of particular vehicle …
Date:
September 1, 2007
Creator:
Aldridge, Chris D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Optimization of the Helical Orbits in the Tevatron
To avoid multiple head-on collisions the proton and antiproton beams in the Tevatron move along separate helical orbits created by 7 horizontal and 8 vertical electrostatic separators. Still the residual long-range beam-beam interactions can adversely affect particle motion at all stages from injection to collision. With increased intensity of the beams it became necessary to modify the orbits in order to mitigate the beam-beam effect on both antiprotons and protons. This report summarizes the work done on optimization of the Tevatron helical orbits, outlines the applied criteria and presents the achieved results.
Date:
June 1, 2007
Creator:
Alexahin, Y.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
TBT optics and impedance measurements at the Fermilab Main Injector
The Fourier analysis of Turn by Turn (TBT) data provides valuable information about the machine linear and non-linear optics. This technique introduced first at Fermilab in 2006 for correcting the Tevatron linear coupling, has been now extended to the Main Injector with the aim of a better understanding of the beam dynamics, in particular in view of a substantial beam intensity increase in the frame of the laboratory neutrino program.
Date:
June 1, 2007
Creator:
Alexahin, Y. & Gianfelice-Wendt, G.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Coupled optics reconstruction from TBT data using MAD-X
Turn-by-turn BPM data provide immediate information on the coupled optics functions at BPM locations. In the case of small deviations from the known (design) uncoupled optics some cognizance of the sources of perturbation, BPM calibration errors and tilts can also be inferred without detailed lattice modeling. In practical situations, however, fitting the lattice model with the help of some optics code would lead to more reliable results. We present an algorithm for coupled optics reconstruction from TBT data on the basis of MAD-X and give examples of its application for the Fermilab Tevatron accelerator.
Date:
June 1, 2007
Creator:
Alexahin, Y.; Gianfelice-Wendt, E.; /Fermilab; Kapin, V.; Inst., /Moscow Phys. Eng.; Schmidt, F. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Timpson & Tenaha News (Timpson, Tex.), Vol. 23, No. 5, Ed. 1 Thursday, February 1, 2007
Weekly newspaper from Timpson, Texas that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date:
February 1, 2007
Creator:
Alexander, Nancy
Object Type:
Newspaper
System:
The Portal to Texas History
Timpson & Tenaha News (Timpson, Tex.), Vol. 23, No. 9, Ed. 1 Thursday, March 1, 2007
Weekly newspaper from Timpson, Texas that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date:
March 1, 2007
Creator:
Alexander, Nancy
Object Type:
Newspaper
System:
The Portal to Texas History
Timpson & Tenaha News (Timpson, Tex.), Vol. 25, No. 44, Ed. 1 Thursday, November 1, 2007
Weekly newspaper from Timpson, Texas that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date:
November 1, 2007
Creator:
Alexander, Nancy
Object Type:
Newspaper
System:
The Portal to Texas History
Fission Spectrum Related Uncertainties
The paper presents a preliminary uncertainty analysis related to potential uncertainties on the fission spectrum data. Consistent results are shown for a reference fast reactor design configuration and for experimental thermal configurations. However the results obtained indicate the need for further analysis, in particular in terms of fission spectrum uncertainty data assessment.
Date:
October 1, 2007
Creator:
Aliberti, G.; Kodeli, I.; Palmiotti, G. & Salvatores, M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Simultaneous Nuclear Data Target Accuracy Study for Innovative Fast Reactors
The present paper summarizes the major outcomes of a study conducted within a Nuclear Energy Agency Working Party on Evaluation Cooperation (NEA WPEC) initiative aiming to investigate data needs for future innovative nuclear systems, to quantify them and to propose a strategy to meet them
Date:
October 1, 2007
Creator:
Aliberti, G.; Palmiotti, G. & Salvatores, M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Target Accuracy Assessment for an ADS Design
Nuclear data uncertainties and their impact on a very wide range of reactor systems, including their associated fuel cycles, have to be assessed in order to consolidate preliminary design studies for new innovative systems. One specific class of systems is the so-called “dedicated waste transmuters”, that are fast neutron systems (critical or sub-critical, i.e. ADS), loaded with a Minor Actinide (MA) dominated fuel and potentially uranium-free. The availability of very general tools for sensitivity and uncertainty analysis together with new variance-covariance matrix data, produced in a joint effort under the auspices of the OECD-NEA by the world leading nuclear data evaluation groups, makes that endeavor particularly significant. In this report major results of interest for dedicated ADS are discussed and the most important fields and data types are pointed out, where priority improvements are required.
Date:
October 1, 2007
Creator:
Aliberti, G.; Palmiotti, G. & Salvatores, M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Surface Detector System of the Pierre Auger Observatory
The Pierre Auger Observatory is designed to study cosmic rays with energies greater than 10{sup 19} eV. Two sites are envisaged for the observatory, one in each hemisphere, for complete sky coverage. The southern site of the Auger Observatory, now approaching completion in Mendoza, Argentina, features an array of 1600 water-Cherenkov surface detector stations covering 3000 km{sup 2}, together with 24 fluorescence telescopes to record the air shower cascades produced by these particles. The two complementary detector techniques together with the large collecting area form a powerful instrument for these studies. Although construction is not yet complete, the Auger Observatory has been taking data stably since January 2004 and the first physics results are being published. In this paper we describe the design features and technical characteristics of the surface detector stations of the Pierre Auger Observatory.
Date:
November 1, 2007
Creator:
Allekotte, I.; Barbosa, A.F.; Bauleo, P.; Bonifazi, C.; Civit, B.; Escobar, C.O. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Surface Detector System of the Pierre Auger Observatory
None
Date:
November 1, 2007
Creator:
Allekotte, I.; Barbosa, A.F.; Bauleo, P.; Bonifazi, C.; Civit, B.; Escobar, C.O. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
2006 B100 Quality Survey Results: Milestone Report
In 2006, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory conducted a nationwide quality survey of pure biodiesel (B100) intended to be used as a blendstock. The study collected random samples throughout the United States and analyzed them for quality against the current and proposed ASTM D6751 fuel quality specifications.
Date:
May 1, 2007
Creator:
Alleman, T. L.; McCormick, R. L. & Deutch, S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The SEGUE Stellar Parameter Pipeline. III. Comparison with High-Resolution Spectroscopy of SDSS/SEGUE Field Stars
The authors report high-resolution spectroscopy of 125 field stars previously observed as part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and its program for Galactic studies, the Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (SEGUE). These spectra are used to measure radial velocities and to derive atmospheric parameters, which they compare with those reported by the SEGUE Stellar Parameter Pipeline (SSPP). The SSPP obtains estimates of these quantities based on SDSS ugriz photometry and low-resolution (R {approx} 2000) spectroscopy. For F- and G-type stars observed with high signal-to-noise ratios (S/N), they empirically determine the typical random uncertainties in the radial velocities, effective temperatures, surface gravities, and metallicities delivered by the SSPP to be 2.4 km s{sup -1}, 130 K (2.2%), 0.21 dex, and 0.11 dex, respectively, with systematic uncertainties of a similar magnitude in the effective temperatures and metallicities. They estimate random errors for lower S/N spectra based on numerical simulations.
Date:
October 1, 2007
Creator:
Allende Prieto, C.; Sivarani, T.; Beers, T. C.; Lee, Y. S.; Koesterke, L.; Shetrone, M. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Current Renewable Energy Technologies and Future Projections
The generally acknowledged sources of renewable energy are wind, geothermal, biomass, solar, hydropower, and hydrogen. Renewable energy technologies are crucial to the production and utilization of energy from these regenerative and virtually inexhaustible sources. Furthermore, renewable energy technologies provide benefits beyond the establishment of sustainable energy resources. For example, these technologies produce negligible amounts of greenhouse gases and other pollutants in providing energy, and they exploit domestically available energy sources, thereby reducing our dependence on both the importation of fossil fuels and the use of nuclear fuels. The market price of renewable energy technologies does not reflect the economic value of these added benefits.
Date:
May 1, 2007
Creator:
Allison, Stephen W.; Lapsa, Melissa Voss; Ward, Christina D.; Smith, Barton; Grubb, Kimberly R. & Lee, Russell
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Asian Tracer Experiment and Atmospheric Modeling (TEAM) Project: Draft Field Work Plan for the Asian Long-Range Tracer Experiment
This report provides an experimental plan for a proposed Asian long-range tracer study as part of the international Tracer Experiment and Atmospheric Modeling (TEAM) Project. The TEAM partners are China, Japan, South Korea and the United States. Optimal times of year to conduct the study, meteorological measurements needed, proposed tracer release locations, proposed tracer sampling locations and the proposed durations of tracer releases and subsequent sampling are given. Also given are the activities necessary to prepare for the study and the schedule for completing the preparation activities leading to conducting the actual field operations. This report is intended to provide the TEAM members with the information necessary for planning and conducting the Asian long-range tracer study. The experimental plan is proposed, at this time, to describe the efforts necessary to conduct the Asian long-range tracer study, and the plan will undoubtedly be revised and refined as the planning goes forward over the next year.
Date:
August 1, 2007
Creator:
Allwine, K Jerry & Flaherty, Julia E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Final Technical Report: Development of the DUSTRAN GIS-Based Complex Terrain Model for Atmospheric Dust Dispersion
Activities at U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) training and testing ranges can be sources of dust in local and regional airsheds governed by air-quality regulations. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory just completed a multi-year project to develop a fully tested and documented atmospheric dispersion modeling system (DUST TRANsport or DUSTRAN) to assist the DoD in addressing particulate air-quality issues at military training and testing ranges.
Date:
May 1, 2007
Creator:
Allwine, K Jerry; Rutz, Frederick C.; Shaw, William J.; Rishel, Jeremy P.; Fritz, Brad G.; Chapman, Elaine G. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The influence of Si content on the oxidation behavior of Type 430 stainless steels
Trace “alloying” elements can significantly affect alloy performance. One example is the effect of residual Si content on the oxidation behavior of stainless steels. Small amounts of Si can form a continuous SiO2 layer at the metal-oxide scale interface. This is beneficial for enhancing oxidation resistance; however it is detrimental for fuel cell interconnect application, as SiO2 is an electrical insulator. In order to assess the effect of SiO2 on the performance of Type 430 ferritic steel, a potential interconnect alloy, a series of custom 430 alloys were melted and reduced to sheet with controlled Si contents (ranging from <0.01 to 0.1 wt% Si). Oxidation tests were conducted at 800oC in moist air. The behavior was compared to a commercial Type 430 alloy (with 0.4 wt%Si) and Crofer 22APU. It was found that for the 430 alloys, the oxidation rate increased with decreasing Si content. However, after 4000 hour of exposure, the mass gain for the low Si 430 alloys was comparable to Crofer 22APU.
Date:
September 1, 2007
Creator:
Alman, D. E. & Jablonski, P. D.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library