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Advanced window wall systems have the potential to provide demand response by reducing peak electric loads by 20-30% in many commercial buildings through the active control of motorized shading systems, switchable window coatings, operable windows, and ventilated double-skin facade systems. These window strategies involve balancing daylighting and solar heat gains, heat rejection through ventilation, and night-time natural ventilation to achieve space-conditioning and lighting energy use reductions without the negative impacts on occupants associated with other demand responsive (DR) strategies. This paper explores conceptually how advanced window systems fit into the context of active load management programs, which cause customers to directly experience the time-varying costs of their consumption decisions. Technological options are suggested. We present pragmatic criteria that building owners use to determine whether to deploy such strategies. A utility's perspective is given. Industry also provides their perspectives on where the technology is today and what needs to happen to implement such strategies more broadly in the US. While there is significant potential for these advanced window concepts, widespread deployment is unlikely to occur with business-as-usual practice. Technologically, integrated window-lighting-HVAC products are underdeveloped. Implementation is hindered by fragmented labor practices, non-standard communication protocols, and lack of technical expertise. Design tools …

The Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) Advanced Test Reactor (ATR), a DOE Category A reactor, was designed to provide an irradiation test environment for conducting a variety of experiments. The ATR Safety Analysis Report, determined by DOE to meet the requirements of 10 CFR 830, Subpart B, provides versatility in types of experiments that may be conducted. This paper addresses two general types of experiments in the ATR facility and how safety analyses for experiments are related to the ATR safety basis. One type of experiment is more routine and generally represents greater risks; therefore this type of experiment is addressed with more detail in the safety basis. This allows individual safety analyses for these experiments to be more routine and repetitive. The second type of experiment is less defined and is permitted under more general controls. Therefore, individual safety analyses for the second type of experiment tend to be more unique from experiment to experiment. Experiments are also discussed relative to "major modifications" and DOE-STD-1027-92. Application of the USQ process to ATR experiments is also discussed.

The partial cancellation between the effect of centrifugal space charge force on transverse bunch dynamics and the potential energy effect has been a long-standing controversial issue in the study of coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) induced bunch dynamics in bends. In this paper, we clarify our definition of the ''centrifugal space charge force,'' and discuss the meaning of the ''cancellation effect'' and its general application. We further use simulation to demonstrate the cancellation in both steady state and transient regimes, and show the behavior of the effective transverse force.

Changes in the divertor magnetic balance in DIII-D H-mode plasmas affects core, edge, and divertor plasma behavior. Both the pedestal density n{sub e,PED} and plasma stored energy W{sub T} were sensitive to changes in magnetic balance near the double-null (DN) configuration, e.g., both decreased 20%-30% when the DN shifted to a slightly unbalanced DN, where the B x {del}B drift direction pointed away from the main X-point. Recycling at each of the four divertor targets was sensitive to changes in magnetic balance and the B x {del}B drift direction. The poloidal distribution of the recycling in DN is in qualitative agreement with the predictions of UEDGE modeling with particle drifts included. The particle flux at the inner divertor target is shown to be much more sensitive to magnetic balance than the particle flux at the outer divertor target near the DN shape. These results suggest possible advantages and drawbacks for balanced DN operation.

The SNS ring is designed to accumulate up to 2 x 10{sup 14} protons of 1 GeV kinetic energy at a repetition rate of 60 Hz [1]. Dominant collective effects include space charge and halo generation, impedance-driven instabilities, impedance-induced closed-orbit deviation and heating, and electron cloud.

Moments of light cone quark density, helicity, and transversity distributions are calculated in unquenched lattice QCD at {beta} = 5.5 and {beta} = 5.3 using Wilson fermions on 16{sup 3} x 32 lattices. These results are combined with earlier calculations at {beta} = 5.6 using SESAM configurations to study the continuum limit.

Due to their excellent fuel efficiency, reliability, and durability, compression ignition direct injection (CIDI) engines have been used extensively to power almost all highway trucks, urban buses, off-road vehicles, marine carriers, and industrial equipment. CIDI engines burn 35 to 50% less fuel than gasoline engines of comparable size, and they emit far less greenhouse gases (Carbon Dioxides), which have been implicated in global warming. Although the emissions of CIDI engines have been reduced significantly over the last decade, there remains concern with the Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) and Particulate Matter (PM) emission levels. In 2000, the US EPA proposed very stringent emissions standards to be introduced in 2007 along with low sulfur (< 15ppm) diesel fuel. The California Air Resource Board (CARB) has also established the principle that future diesel fueled vehicles should meet the same emissions standards as gasoline fueled vehicles and the EPA followed suit with its Tier II emissions regulations. Meeting the Tier II standards requires NOX and PM emissions to be reduced dramatically. Achieving such low emissions while minimizing fuel economy penalty cannot be done through engine development and fuel reformulation alone, and requires application of NOX and PM aftertreatment control devices. A joint effort was made …

Successful inventory confirmation measurements in SNM storage monitoring scenarios require electronic systems that are capable of long-term, reliable operation. Reliability can be improved by using systems with a minimum of inaccessible active components. A resonant weight pad has been designed to determine item mass with only two passive components located at the SNM storage point. During operation, the resonant weight pad and the monitored item become a mass-spring system, whose resonant frequency is related to the item&#x27;s mass. This paper describes a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) based control system that is capable of determining resonance and correlating it to a mass value. In addition, the control system provides a communication link between the weight pad and a host processor.

DIII-D, ELMing H-mode radiating mantle discharges have been obtained with electron density near the Greenwald density limit and a large fraction of the input power radiated inside the last closed flux surface, significantly reducing peak divertor heat fluxes. In these ''puff and pump'' discharges, the introduction of argon reduces particle flux to divertor tiles by a factor of 4 while peak heat flux is half of the no impurity value, suggesting that impurity seeding may be a useful control tool to reduce wall heat and particle fluxes in fusion reactors. A robust H-mode transport barrier is maintained and there is little change in the ELM energy or in the ELM frequency.

Nicotine is a major constituent of environmental tobacco smoke. Sorptive interactions of nicotine with indoor surfaces can substantially alter indoor concentrations. The phenomenon is poorly understood, including whether sorption is fully reversible or partially irreversible. They hypothesize that acid-base chemistry on indoor surfaces might contribute to the apparent irreversibility of nicotine sorption under some circumstances. Specifically, they suggest that nicotine may become protonated on surfaces, markedly reducing its vapor pressure. If so, subsequent exposure of the surface to gaseous ammonia, a common base, could raise the surface pH, causing deprotonation and desorption of nicotine from surfaces. A series of experiments was conducted to explore the effect of ammonia on nicotine sorption to and reemission from surfaces. The results indicate that, under some conditions, exposure to gaseous ammonia can substantially increase the rate of desorption of previously sorbed nicotine from common indoor surface materials.

Particle deposition to surfaces plays an important role in determining exposures to indoor particles. However, the effects of furnishings and air speed on these rates have not been well characterized. In this study, experiments were performed in an isolated room (volume = 14.2 m{sup 3}) using three different indoor furnishing levels (bare, carpeted and fully furnished) and four different airflow conditions. Deposition loss rates were determined by generating a short burst of polydispersed particles, then measuring the size-resolved (0.5-10 {micro}m) concentration decay rate using an aerodynamic particle sizer. Increasing the surface area from bare (35 m{sup 2} nominal surface area) to fully furnished (12 m{sup 2} additional surface area) increased the deposition loss rate by as much as a factor of 2.6, with the largest increase seen for the smallest particles. Increasing the mean airspeed from &lt; 5 cms/s to 19 cm/s, by means of increasing fan speed, increased the deposition rate for all particle sizes studied by factors ranging from 1.3 to 2.4, with larger particles exhibiting greater effects than smaller particles. The significant effect of particle size and room conditions on deposition loss rates argues against using a single first-order loss-rate coefficient to represent deposition for integrated mass …

What range of momentum components in the deuteron wave function are available ed elastic scattering data sensitive to? This question is addressed within the context of a model calculation of the deuteron form factors, based on realistic interactions and currents. It is shown that the data on the A(q), B(q), and T{sub 20}(q) observables at q {le} 6 fm{sup -1} essentially probe momentum components up to {approx} 4m{sub {pi}}.

Recent high energy measurements of elastic ed scattering support the use of a relativistic theory based on an accurate description of the NN channel, but theory needed for an understanding of the high energy deuteron photodisintegration cross sections and polarized observables is not yet mature.

Based on Bayesian theorem an empirical Baye's method is discussed. A programming chart for mass spectrum fitting is suggested. A weakly constrained way for getting priors to solve the chiral log data fitting singularity is tested.

We measure the spectrum of low-lying nucleon resonances using Bayesian fitting methods. We compare the masses obtained in the quenched approximation to those obtained with two flavours of dynamical fermions at a matched lattice spacing. At the pion masses employed in our simulations, we find that the mass of the first positive-parity nucleon excitation is always greater than that of the parity partner of the nucleon.

Masses of positive and negative parity excited nucleons and hyperons are calculated in quenched lattice QCD using an order (a{sup 2}) improved gluon action and a fat-link clover fermion action in which only the irrelevant operators are constructed with fat links. The results are in agreement with earlier N* simulations with improved actions, and exhibit a clear mass splitting between the nucleon and its parity partner, as well as a small mass splitting between the low-lying J{sup P}=1/2{sup -}N* states. Study of different Lambda interpolating fields suggests a similar splitting between the lowest two 1/2{sup -}Lambda* states, although the empirical mass suppression of the Lambda*(1405) is not seen.

We present explicit calculations of the complicated geometric objects known as homoclinic tangles that surround magnetic islands in the Poincare mapping of a tokamak's magnetic field. These tangles are shown to exist generically in the magnetic field of all toroidal confinement systems. The geometry of these tangles provides an explanation for the stochasticity known to occur near the X-points of the Poincare mapping. Furthermore, the intersection of homoclinic tangles from different resonances provides an explicit mechanism for the non-diffusive transport of magnetic field lines between these resonance layers.

A pedagogical overview of the formulation of the Fat Link Irrelevant Clover (FLIC) fermion action and its associated phenomenology is described. The scaling analysis indicates FLIC fermions provide a new form of nonperturbative order (a) improvement where near-continuum results are obtained at finite lattice spacing. Spin-1/2 and spin-3/2, even and odd parity baryon resonances are investigated in quenched QCD, where the nature of the Roper resonance and Lambda (1405) are of particular interest. FLIC fermions allow efficient access to the light quark-mass regime, where evidence of chiral nonanalytic behavior in the Delta mass is observed.

Dermal and non-dietary pathways are potentially significant exposure pathways to pesticides used in residences. Exposure pathways include dermal contact with residues on surfaces, ingestion from hand- and object-to-mouth activities, and absorption of pesticides into food. A limited amount of data has been collected on pesticide concentrations in various residential compartments following an application. But models are needed to interpret this data and make predictions about other pesticides based on chemical properties. In this paper, we propose a mass-balance compartment model based on fugacity principles. We include air (both gas phase and aerosols), carpet, smooth flooring, and walls as model compartments. Pesticide concentrations on furniture and toys, and in food, are being added to the model as data becomes available. We determine the compartmental fugacity capacity and mass transfer-rate coefficient for wallboard as an example. We also present the framework and equations needed for a dynamic mass-balance model.

The U.S. Department of Energy Idaho Operations Office (DOE-ID) provided guidance per DOE-ID Orders 420.C, &#34;Safety Basis Review and Approval Process,&#34; and 420.D, &#34;Requirements and Guidance for Safety Analysis,&#34; for conducting safety analysis for facilities and activities that do not meet either the nuclear facility criteria or the criteria for not requiring additional safety analysis (NRASA). These facilities and activities are thus designated as &#34;other than nuclear&#34; (OTN), and hazard analyses are performed using a graded approach. This graded approach is done in accordance with DOE-ID Order 420.D. DOE-ID guidance is used to format these OTN facilities and activities into 3-chapter documents, rather than the 17-chapter format specified in DOE-STD-3009-94, &#34;Preparation Guide for U.S. Department of Energy Nonreactor Nuclear Facility Safety Analysis Reports.&#34;

The evolution of 2-D emission profiles of D{sub {alpha}} and C III during type-I ELMs has been investigated in DIII-D using a tangentially viewing gated, intensified charge-injected device (CID) camera. The measured CIII emission profiles indicate transient inner leg attachment with the arrival of the ELM heat pulse. The measured D{sub {alpha}} emission profiles during an ELM cycle show enhanced deuterium recycling during the deposition of the ELM particle pulse at the target, which suggests the detachment of the divertor plasma from the target plates. Measurements taken in ELMy H-mode discharges at densities of 50% and 90% of the Greenwald density limit are compared utilizing the CID camera system and a comprehensive set of other divertor diagnostics. An ELM model based on fluid and PIC simulations is used to discuss the observation on the response of the divertor plasma to the ELM heat and particle pulse.

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The tokamak plasmas utilized in magnetic fusion research provide access to some of the longest duration, highest temperature plasmas on earth. For example, on the DIII-D tokamak, plasmas lasting up to 10 seconds have been produced with ion temperatures up to 27 keV and electron temperatures up to 15 keV in toroidal plasmas with 1.7 m major radius, 0.65 m half width and 2.5 m vertical height. Typical particle densities in these plasmas are in the range of 2.0 x 10{sup 19} m{sup -3} through 2.0 x 10{sup 20} m{sup -3}. Spectroscopic measurements of line radiation from highly ionized atoms provide one of the key techniques for determining the plasma parameters in tokamak discharges.