High temperature alkali corrosion has been known to cause premature failure of ceramic components used in advanced high temperature coal combustion systems such as coal gasification and clean-up, coal fired gas turbines, and high efficiency heat engines. The objective of this research is to systematically evaluate the alkali corrosion resistance of the most commonly used structural ceramics including silicon carbide, silicon nitride, cordierite, mullite, alumina, aluminum titanate, zirconia, and fireclay glass. The study consists of identification of the alkali reaction products (phase equilibria) and the kinetics of the alkali reactions as a function of temperature and time.

In order to convert lignite coals into liquid fuels, gases or chemical feedstock, the macromolecular structure of the coal must be broken down into low molecular weight fractions prior to further modification. Our research focused on this aspect of coal bioprocessing. We isolated, characterized and studied the lignite coal-depolymerizing organisms Streptomyces viridosporus T7A, Pseudomonas sp. DLC-62, unidentified bacterial strain DLC-BB2 and Gram-positive Bacillus megaterium strain DLC-21. In this research we showed that these bacteria are able to solubilize and depolymerize lignite coals using a combination of biological mechanisms including the excretion of coal solublizing basic chemical metabolites and extracellular coal depolymerizing enzymes.

A method for constructing a cooled optic wherein one or more cavities are milled, drilled or formed using casting or ultrasound laser machining techniques in a single crystal base and filled with porous material having high thermal conductivity at cryogenic temperatures. A non-machined strain-free single crystal can be bonded to the base to produce superior optics. During operation of the cooled optic, N{sub 2} is pumped through the porous material at a sub-cooled cryogenic inlet temperature and with sufficient system pressure to prevent the fluid bulk temperature from reaching saturation.

The Rocky Flats Plant conducted a study to test cermet cutting tools by performing machinability studies on War Reserve product under controlled conditions. The purpose of these studies was to determine the most satisfactory tools that optimize tool life, minimize costs, improve reliability and chip control, and increase productivity by performing the operations to specified Accuracies. This study tested three manufacturers' cermet cutting tools and a carbide tool used previously by the Rocky Flats Plant for machining spherical-shaped 21-6-9 stainless steel forgings (Figure 1). The 80-degree diamond inserts were tested by experimenting with various chip-breaker geometries, cutting speeds, feedrates, and cermet grades on the outside contour roughing operation. The cermets tested were manufactured by Kennametal, Valenite, and NTK. The carbide tool ordinarily used for this operation is manufactured by Carboloy. Evaluation of tho tools was conducted by investigating the number of passes per part and parts per insert, tool wear, cutting time, tool life, surface finish, and stem taper. Benefits to be gained from this study were: improved part quality, better chip control, increased tool life and utilization, and greater fabrication productivity. This was to be accomplished by performing the operation to specified accuracies within the scope of the tools …

A technique for the detection of single fluorescent chromophores in a flowing stream is under development. This capability is an integral facet of a rapid DNA sequencing scheme currently being developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory. In previous investigations, the detection sensitivity was limited by the background Raman emission from the water solvent. A detection scheme based on a novel mode of operating a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) is being developed which should greatly enhance the discrimination between fluorescence from a single molecule and the background Raman scattering from the solvent. Register shifts between rows in the CCD are synchronized with the sample flow velocity so that fluorescence from a single molecule is collected in a single moving charge packet occupying an area approaching that of a single pixel while the background is spread evenly among a large number of pixels. Feasibility calculations indicate that single molecule detection should be achieved with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio.

Gold beam injection efficiency decreases in proportional to the beam loss in the AGS Booster. A close look shows that large number of electrons, ions, and neutral particles are created when the gold beam scrapes wall. To investigate the neutral particle production due to the beam loss, local vacuum measurement was made during the 1998 run. It shows that the pressure created by the Booster Au{sup 31+} beam loss at injection has a 35 ms decay time constant. The beam loss created pressure bump in the ring is about 20 meters long. When 3 x 10{sup 9} Gold ions scrapes wall, a pressure higher than 10{sup -7} Torr was created. The beam lifetime calculated using these parameters is in agreement with the observed one.

A conceptual design is presented for a high power cupronickel pion production target. It forms a circular band in a horizontal plane with approximate dimensions of: 2.5 meters radius, 6 cm high and 0.6 cm thick. The target is continuously rotated at 3 m/s to carry heat away from the production region to a water cooling channel. Bunches of 16 GeV protons with total energies of 270 kl and repetition rates of 15 Hz are incident tangentially to arc of the target along the symmetry axis of a 20 Tesla solenoidal magnetic capture channel. The mechanical layout and cooling setup are described. Results are presented from realistic MARS Monte Carlo computer simulations of the pion yield and energy deposition in the target. ANSYS finite element calculations are beginning to give predictions for the resultant shock heating stresses.

Magnetic elements for an accumulator storage ring for a 1 GeV Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) have been under design. The accumulation of very high intensity protons in a storage ring requires beam optical elements of very high purity to minimize higher order resonances in the presence of space charge. The parameters of the elements required by the accumulator lattice design have been reported. The dipoles have a 17cm gap and are 124cm long. The quadrupoles have a physical length to aperture diameter ratio of 40cm/21cm and of 45cm/31cm. Since the elements have a large aperture and short length, optimizing the optical effects of magnet ends is the major design challenge. Two dimensional (2D) computer computations can, at least on paper, produce the desired accuracy internal to magnets, i.e. constant dipole fields and linear quadrupole gradients over the desired aperture to 1 x 10{sup -4}. To minimize undesirable end effects three dimensional (3D) computations can be used to design magnet ends. However, limitations on computations can occur, such as necessary finite boundary conditions, actual properties of the iron employed, hysteresis effects, etc., which are slightly at variance with the assumed properties. Experimental refinement is employed to obtain the desired precision.

The RHIC spin program requires excellent polarimetry so that the knowledge of the beam polarization does not limit the errors on the experimental measurements. However, polarimetry of proton beams with energies higher than about 30GeV poses a difficult challenge. For polarization monitoring during operation, a fast and reliable polarimeter is required that produces a polarization measurement with a 10% relative error within a few minutes. The p-Carbon elastic scattering in the Coulomb-Nuclear-Scattering (CNI) region has a calculable and large analyzing power, but detecting the recoil carbon needs sophisticated detector system and a very thin target. Experiment has been planned in the AGS. This paper describes the experimental setup in the AGS.

The Booster Application Facility (BAF) will employ heavy ion beams of many different ion species and at beam energies ranging from 0.04 to 3.07 GeV/nucleon. Resonant extraction is required in order to deliver a continuous stream of particles. In this report we describe the beam requirements and the system design. The basic design is a third integer resonant extraction process which employs a single thin magnetic septum and a thick septum ejector magnet The expected extraction efficiency is about 85%, based on the thin septum thickness and the predicted step size of the resonant beam at the septum. This is more than sufficient for the low intensity low energy heavy ion beams needed for the BAF. In this report we will present a detailed discussion of the design of the various elements and a discussion of the detailed modeling of resonant extraction from the AGS Booster. The extraction process was modeled using a BNL version of MAD which allowed us to interactively observe detailed particle tracking of the process. This was a key tool to have in hand which permitted us to pose and answer various questions in a very short period of time.

The RHIC Beam Loss Monitor (BLM) System is designed to prevent beam loss quenching of the superconducting magnets, and acquire loss data. Four hundred ion chambers are located around the rings to detect losses. The required 8-decade range in signal current is compressed using an RC pre- integrator ahead of a low current amplifier. A beam abort may be triggered if fast or slow losses exceed programmable threshold levels. A micro-controller based VME module sets references and gains and reads trip status for up to 64 channels. Results obtained with the detectors in the RHIC Sextant Test and the prototype electronics in the AGS-to-RHIC (AtR) transfer line are presented along with the present status of the system.

The last stage of ionization cooling for the muon collider requires a multistage liquid lithium lens. This system uses a large ({approx}0.5 MA) pulsed current through liquid lithium to focus the beam while energy loss in the lithium removes momentum which will be replaced by linacs. The beam optics are designed to maximize the 6 dimensional transmission from one lens to the next while minimizing emittance growth. The mechanical design of the lithium vessel is constrained by a pressure pulse due to sudden ohmic heating, and the resulting stress on the Be window. We describe beam optics, the liquid lithium pressure vessel, pump options, power supplies, as well as the overall optimization of the system.

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) will be constructed by a multi-laboratory collaboration with BNL responsible for the transfer lines and ring. [1] The 1 MW beam power necessitates careful monitoring to minimize un-controlled loss. This high beam power will influence the design of the monitors in the high energy beam transport line (HEBT) from linac to ring, in the ring, and in the ring-to-target transfer line (RTBT). The ring instrumentation must cover a 3-decade range of beam intensity during accumulation. Beam loss monitoring will be especially critical since un-controlled beam loss must be kept below 10{sup -4}. A Beam-In-Gap (BIG) monitor is being designed to assure out-of-bucket beam will not be lost in the ring.

This paper summarizes three-stage design optimization for the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) ring: linear machine design (lattice, aperture, injection, magnet field errors and misalignment), beam core manipulation (painting, space charge, instabilities, RF requirements), and beam halo consideration (collimation, envelope variation, e-p issues etc.).

We present a high power RF coupler design for an interleaved {pi}/2 805 MHz standing wave accelerating structure proposed for an muon cooling experiment at FNAL. The coupler, in its simplest form, is a rectangular waveguide directly connected to an accelerating Cell through an open slot on the cavity side-wall or end-plates. Two of such couplers are needed to feed the interleaved cavities. Current high power RF test requires the coupler to be at critical coupling. Numerical simulations on the coupler designs using MAFIA will be presented.

The performance of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at collision energy is limited by the field quality of the interaction region (IB) quadrupoles and dipoles. In this paper we study the impact of the expected field errors of these magnets on the dynamic aperture (DA). Since the betatron phase advance is well defined for magnets that are located in regions of large beta functions, local corrections can be very effective and robust. We compare possible compensation schemes and propose a corrector layout to meet the required DA performance.

For a muon collider, to obtain the needed luminosity, the phase space volume must be greatly reduced within the muon life time. The ionization cooling is the preferred method used to compress the phase space and reduce the emittance to obtain high luminosity muon beams. Alternating solenoid lattices has been proposed for muon colliders, where the emittance are huge. We present an overview, discuss formalism, transfer maps for solenoid magnets and beam dynamics.

A software environment for accelerator modeling has been developed which includes the UAL (Unified Accelerator Library), a collection of accelerator physics libraries with a Per1 interface for scripting, and the SXF (Standard eXchange Format), a format for accelerator description which extends the MAD sequence by including deviations from design values. SXF interfaces have been written for several programs, including MAD9 and MAD8 via the doom database, Cosy, TevLat and UAL itself, which includes Teapot++. After an overview of the software we describe the application of the tools to the analysis of the LHC lattice stability, in the presence of alignment and coupling errors, and to the correction of the first turn and closed orbit in the machine.

All elements of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) have been installed in ideal survey locations, which are defined as the optimum locations of the fiducials with respect to the positions generated by the design. The alignment process included the presurvey of all elements which could affect the beams. During this procedure a special attention was paid to the precise determination of the quadrupole centers as well as the roll angles of the quadrupoles and dipoles. After installation the machine has been surveyed and the resulting as-built measured position of the fiducials have been stored and structured in the survey database. We describe how the alignment errors, inferred by comparison of ideal and as-built data, have been processed and analyzed by including them in the RHIC modeling software. The RHIC model, which also includes individual measured errors for all magnets in the machine and is automatically generated from databases, allows the study of the impact of the measured alignment errors on the machine.

The US-LHC Magnet Database is designed for production-magnet quality assurance, field and alignment error impact analysis, cryostat assembly assistance, and ring installation assistance. The database consists of tables designed to store magnet field and alignment measurements data and quench data. This information will also be essential for future machine operations including local IR corrections.

Different methods for feedback designs are compared. These includes classical Proportional Integral Derivative (P. I. D.), state variable based methods like pole placement, Linear Quadratic Regulator (L. Q. R.), H-infinity and p-analysis. These methods are then applied for the design and analysis of the RHIC phase and radial loop, yielding a performance, stability and robustness comparison.

Battelle-Columbus and Amax Research Development conducted a program to develop a process to transport, handle, store, and utilize ultra-fine, ultra-clean (UFUC) coals. The primary objective was to devise a cost-effective method, based on conventional pelletization techniques, to transform the sludge-like filter cake produced in advanced flotation cleaning processes into a product which could be used like lump coal. A secondary objective was the production of a pellet which could be readily converted into a coal water fuel (CWF) because the UFUC coal would ultimately be used as CWF. The resulting product would be a hard, waterproof pellet which could be easily reduced to small particle sizes and formulated with water into a liquid fuel.

Recent research has been directed towards finding means to produce neutron emissions at will, to demonstrate reproducibility, and to permit in-depth studies of the origin of neutron emissions. this goal has been pursued in the Kamiokande detector in Japan and has led to the development of a deep underground laboratory in a tunnel in the Wasatch mountains near Brigham Young University. New counters for low-level neutron emissions are being utilized. Calorimetric tools have also been developed.

The Brookhaven AGS third integer resonant extraction system allows the AGS to provide high quality, high intensity 25.5 GeV/c proton beams simultaneously to four target stations and as many as 8 experiments. With the increasing intensities (over 7 x 10{sup 13} protons/pulse) and associated longer spill periods (2.4 to 3 seconds long), we continue to run with low losses and high quality low modulation continuous current beams.[1] Learning to extract and transport these higher intensity beams has required a process of careful modeling and experimentation. We have had to learn how to correct for various instabilities and how to better match extraction and the transport lines to the higher emittance beams being accelerated in the AGS. Techniques employed include ''RF'' methods to smooth out momentum distributions and fine structure. We will present results of detailed multi-particle tracking modeling studies which enabled us to develop a clear understanding of beam loss mechanisms in the transport and extraction process. We will report on our status, experiences, and the present understanding of the intensity limitations imposed by resonant extraction and transport to fixed target stations.