Testimony was submitted to the Senate on the environmental impacts of accelerated research and development of hydrogen-based energy systems. The advantages of hydrogen in transportation systems, in fuel cells for electric vehicles and power plants, and in energy storage from off-peak electricity production were described. The largest barrier to using hydrogen in the transportation sector is the on-board storage of enough fuel to provide an adequate driving range in an urban environment. Production methods and costs were also discussed. The authors believe a coordinated demonstration program with US industry is needed to develop the best technologies for hydrogen-fueled vehicles.

This report develops and applies a methodology for estimating strong earthquake ground motion. The motivation was to develop a much needed tool for use in developing the seismic requirements for structural designs. An earthquake`s ground motion is a function of the earthquake`s magnitude, and the physical properties of the earth through which the seismic waves travel from the earthquake fault to the site of interest. The emphasis of this study is on ground motion estimation in Eastern North America (east of the Rocky Mountains), with particular emphasis on the Eastern United States and southeastern Canada. Eastern North America is a stable continental region, having sparse earthquake activity with rare occurrences of large earthquakes. While large earthquakes are of interest for assessing seismic hazard, little data exists from the region to empirically quantify their effects. The focus of the report is on the attributes of ground motion in Eastern North America that are of interest for the design of facilities such as nuclear power plants. This document, Volume II, contains Appendices 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 covering the following topics: Eastern North American Empirical Ground Motion Data; Examination of Variance of Seismographic Network Data; Soil Amplification and Vertical-to-Horizontal Ratios from …

This report develops and applies a methodology for estimating strong earthquake ground motion. The motivation was to develop a much needed tool for use in developing the seismic requirements for structural designs. An earthquake`s ground motion is a function of the earthquake`s magnitude, and the physical properties of the earth through which the seismic waves travel from the earthquake fault to the site of interest. The emphasis of this study is on ground motion estimation in Eastern North America (east of the Rocky Mountains), with particular emphasis on the Eastern United States and southeastern Canada. Eastern North America is a stable continental region, having sparse earthquake activity with rare occurrences of large earthquakes. While large earthquakes are of interest for assessing seismic hazard, little data exists from the region to empirically quantify their effects. Therefore, empirically based approaches that are used for other regions, such as Western North America, are not appropriate for Eastern North America. Moreover, recent advances in science and technology have now made it possible to combine theoretical and empirical methods to develop new procedures and models for estimating ground motion. The focus of the report is on the attributes of ground motion in Eastern North America …

This paper is divided into three roughly independent sections. The first is a historical review of the twenty year history of experimental ion heat transport measurements from many tokamaks. The second is a study of ion heat transport in Ohmic TFTR plasmas which shows that {chi}i {approximately} {chi}e {approx} 15{chi}i{sup neo}. Thus, ion heat transport is demonstrated to be strongly anomalous even the absence of auxiliary heating. The third section describes the variation of {chi}i with local ion temperature in TFTR during auxiliary heating, with emphasis on characterizing the differecens between transport in the L-mode and supershot regimes. The results are consistent with the conjecture that improved ion energy confinement in supershot plasmas is caused by a high ratio of T{sub 1}/T{sub e}.

On December 24, 1991, the K-Reactor was in the shutdown mode with full AC process water flow and full cooling water flow. Safety rod testing was being performed as part of the power ascension testing program. The results of cooling water samples indicated tritium concentrations higher than allowable. Further sampling and testing confirmed a Process Water System to Cooling Water System leak in heat exchanger 4A (HX 4A). The heat exchanger was isolated and the plant shutdown. Heat exchanger 4A was removed from the plant and moved to C-Area prior to performing examinations and diagnostic testing. This included locating and identifying the leaking tube or tubes, eddy current examination of the leaking tube and a number of adjacent tubes, visually inspecting the leaking tube from both the inside as well as the area surrounding the identified tube. The leaking tube was removed and examined metallurgically to determine the failure mechanism. In addition ten other tubes that either exhibited eddy current indications or would represent a baseline condition were removed from heat exchanger 4A for metallurgical examination. Additional analysis and review of heat exchanger leakage history was performed to determine if there are any patterns which can be used for predictive …

We have used pore water gradients and in situ benthic flux chamber measurements to assess the total and down-core variations in the organic carbon remineralization rate. To augment standard pore water extractions, we developed techniques to extract pore water samples at 2mm sampling intervals, greatly improving our assessment of near- surface vertical gradients. In addition, much emphasis was placed on directly measuring the exchange of chemicals between the bottom waters and sediment pore waters via in situ benthic flux chamber incubations. The latter were performed with the MANOP bottom lander, and in later expeditions, the Benthic Experimental chamber Instrument (BECI). Results from these measurements were used to assess the several aspects of seafloor organic matter diagenesis.

A summary of large-scale cyclic static tests of structural clay tile infilled frames is given. In-plane racking tests examined the effects of varying frame stiffness, varying infill size, infill offset from frame centerline, and single and double wythe infill construction. Out-of-plane tests examined infilled frame response to inertial loadings and inter-story drift loadings. Sequential in-plane and out-of-plane loadings were performed to determine the effects of orthogonal damage and degradation on both strength and stiffness. A combined out-of-plane inertial and in-plane racking test was conducted to investigate the interaction of multi-directional loading. To determine constitutive properties of the infills, prism compression, mortar compression and various unit tile tests were performed.

The overall objectives of the full-Scale Low-NO{sub x} Cell{trademark} Burner (LNCB{trademark}) Retrofit project is to demonstrate the cost-effective reduction of NO{sub x} generated by a large, base-loaded (70% capacity factor or greater), coal-fired utility boiler. Specific objectives include: (1) At least 50% NO{sub x} reduction over standard two-nozzle cell burners, without degradation of boiler performance or life; (2) Acquire and evaluate emission and boiler performance data before and after the retrofit to determine NO{sub x} reduction and impact on overall boiler performance; (3) Demonstrate that the LNCB{trademark} retrofits are the most cost-effective alternative to emerging, or commercially- available NO{sub x} control technology for units equipped with cell burners. The focus of this demonstration is to determine maximum NO{sub x} reduction capabilities without adversely impacting plant performance, operation and maintenance. In particular, the prototype evaluations will resolve many technical issues not possible to address fully in the previous pilot-scale work and the single full-scale burner installation.

In spite of the significant amount of work already reported in the scientific literature, many aspects of the origin of Banded Iron Formations (BIF) remain enigmatic. The authors demonstrate that mineralogic microbanding in BIF is accompanied by autocorrelated isotopic microbanding of organic carbon and carbonate carbon and oxygen. They propose that these isotopic patterns formed as a result of episodic mixing of waters in the depositional environment of BIF.

The overall objectives of the full-Scale Low-NOx Cell{trademark} Burner (LNCB{trademark}) Retrofit project is to demonstrate the cost-effective reduction of NOx generated by a large, base-loaded (70% capacity factor or greater), coal-fired utility boiler. Specific objectives include: (1) At least 50% NOx reduction over standard two-nozzle cell burners, without degradation of boiler performance or life; (2) acquire and evaluate emission and boiler performance data before and after the retrofit to determine NOx reduction and impact on overall boiler performance; (3) demonstrate that the LNCB{trademark} retrofits are the most cost-effective alternative to emerging, or commercially-available NOx control technology for units equipped with cell burners. The focus of this demonstration is to determine maximum NOx reduction capabilities without adversely impacting plant performance, operation and maintenance.

The separation of pyrite from coal by flotation is based on exploiting the wettability difference between coal and pyrite. There is evidence that the wettability of coal pyrite changes upon superficial oxidation. Therefore, the oxidation of coal pyrite has been studied under carefully controlled electrochemical conditions. In order to identify the species responsible for the changes in wettability, the surface products formed during oxidation have been identified by means of various surface analysis techniques, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS). It has been found that pyrite oxidation creates a sulfur-rich surface along with iron oxides/hydroxides. The ratio between these hydrophobic and hydrophilic species correlates well with the results of the wettability measurements.

The objective of this study was to make a more refined evaluation of the Anderson Quin Cycle based on most recent information on the performance of various elements that will be used in the Anderson Quin Cycle. My original estimate of the work plan for evaluating and optimizing the Anderson Quin Cycle called for 7000 man hours of work. Since this grant was limited to 2150 man hours, we could not expect to achieve all the objectives within the allotted period of work. However, the most relevant program objectives have been completed as reported here. The analysis generally confirms the results originally estimated in my paper on the subject. (Ref. 2) Further optimizations should show even higher efficiencies. The Anderson Quin Cycle (US Patent applied for) basically consists of 5 elements in the power cycle: A refrigeration system to cool and clean the inlet air before it enters the compressor that supplies air for the gas turbine; a gas turbine consisting of a compressor, combustor, and turbine; a steam boiler and steam turbine system using the heat from the exhaust gas out of the gas turbine; a vapor turbine cycle, which utilizes the condensed heat from the exhaust of the …

This work originates from a task assignment. This basic data report is for design and fabrication of a canister penetration system for use in these experiments. The basic system was designed and fabricated as a result of a previous task assignment and three associated task plans. The new system, which will be used on canistered waste forms produced during the DWPF Start up Test Program, will be a modification of the previous systems. Hence the seven items identified in the next paragraph have been previously designed, fabricated, and tested but will be required as part of the overall system. The canister penetration system to be designed and fabricated shall consist of (1) a device which can penetrate the canister above the glass line while preventing the mixing of the air within the canister with the air in the environment, (2) a sensor for measuring the relative humidity and dew point of the air within the canister, (3) a sensor for detecting the pressure of the system before penetration and the pressure of the canister and system after penetration, (4) a vacuum system for evacuating the canister penetration system, (5) a connecting port to a mass spectrometer for on line analysis …

The objective of this study was to make a more refined evaluation of the Anderson Quin Cycle based on most recent information on the performance of various elements that will be used in the Anderson Quin Cycle. My original estimate of the work plan for evaluating and optimizing the Anderson Quin Cycle called for 7000 man hours of work. Since this grant was limited to 2150 man hours, we could not expect to achieve all the objectives within the allotted period of work. However, the most relevant program objectives have been completed as reported here. The analysis generally confirms the results originally estimated in my paper on the subject. (Ref. 2) Further optimizations should show even higher efficiencies. The Anderson Quin Cycle (US Patent applied for) basically consists of 5 elements in the power cycle: A refrigeration system to cool and clean the inlet air before it enters the compressor that supplies air for the gas turbine; a gas turbine consisting of a compressor, combustor, and turbine; a steam boiler and steam turbine system using the heat from the exhaust gas out of the gas turbine; a vapor turbine cycle, which utilizes the condensed heat from the exhaust of the …

This work originates from a task assignment. This basic data report is for design and fabrication of a canister penetration system for use in these experiments. The basic system was designed and fabricated as a result of a previous task assignment and three associated task plans. The new system, which will be used on canistered waste forms produced during the DWPF Start up Test Program, will be a modification of the previous systems. Hence the seven items identified in the next paragraph have been previously designed, fabricated, and tested but will be required as part of the overall system. The canister penetration system to be designed and fabricated shall consist of (1) a device which can penetrate the canister above the glass line while preventing the mixing of the air within the canister with the air in the environment, (2) a sensor for measuring the relative humidity and dew point of the air within the canister, (3) a sensor for detecting the pressure of the system before penetration and the pressure of the canister and system after penetration, (4) a vacuum system for evacuating the canister penetration system, (5) a connecting port to a mass spectrometer for on line analysis …

On December 24, 1991, the K-Reactor was in the shutdown mode with full AC process water flow and full cooling water flow. Safety rod testing was being performed as part of the power ascension testing program. The results of cooling water samples indicated tritium concentrations higher than allowable. Further sampling and testing confirmed a Process Water System to Cooling Water System leak in heat exchanger 4A (HX 4A). The heat exchanger was isolated and the plant shutdown. Heat exchanger 4A was removed from the plant and moved to C-Area prior to performing examinations and diagnostic testing. This included locating and identifying the leaking tube or tubes, eddy current examination of the leaking tube and a number of adjacent tubes, visually inspecting the leaking tube from both the inside as well as the area surrounding the identified tube. The leaking tube was removed and examined metallurgically to determine the failure mechanism. In addition ten other tubes that either exhibited eddy current indications or would represent a baseline condition were removed from heat exchanger 4A for metallurgical examination. Additional analysis and review of heat exchanger leakage history was performed to determine if there are any patterns which can be used for predictive …

We have used pore water gradients and in situ benthic flux chamber measurements to assess the total and down-core variations in the organic carbon remineralization rate. To augment standard pore water extractions, we developed techniques to extract pore water samples at 2mm sampling intervals, greatly improving our assessment of near- surface vertical gradients. In addition, much emphasis was placed on directly measuring the exchange of chemicals between the bottom waters and sediment pore waters via in situ benthic flux chamber incubations. The latter were performed with the MANOP bottom lander, and in later expeditions, the Benthic Experimental chamber Instrument (BECI). Results from these measurements were used to assess the several aspects of seafloor organic matter diagenesis.

On December 24, 1991, the K-Reactor was in the shutdown mode with full AC process water flow and full cooling water flow. Safety rod testing was being performed as part of the power ascension testing program. The results of cooling water samples indicated tritium concentrations higher than allowable. Further sampling and testing confirmed a Process Water System to Cooling Water System leak in heat exchanger 4A (HX 4A). The heat exchanger was isolated and the plant shutdown. Heat exchanger 4A was removed from the plant and moved to C-Area prior to performing examinations and diagnostic testing. This included locating and identifying the leaking tube or tubes, eddy current examination of the leaking tube and a number of adjacent tubes, visually inspecting the leaking tube from both the inside as well as the area surrounding the identified tube. The leaking tube was removed and examined metallurgically to determine the failure mechanism. In addition ten other tubes that either exhibited eddy current indications or would represent a baseline condition were removed from heat exchanger 4A for metallurgical examination. Additional analysis and review of heat exchanger leakage history was performed to determine if there are any patterns which can be used for predictive …

The separation of pyrite from coal by flotation is based on exploiting the wettability difference between coal and pyrite. There is evidence that the wettability of coal pyrite changes upon superficial oxidation. Therefore, the oxidation of coal pyrite has been studied under carefully controlled electrochemical conditions. In order to identify the species responsible for the changes in wettability, the surface products formed during oxidation have been identified by means of various surface analysis techniques, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS). It has been found that pyrite oxidation creates a sulfur-rich surface along with iron oxides/hydroxides. The ratio between these hydrophobic and hydrophilic species correlates well with the results of the wettability measurements.

The overall objectives of the full-Scale Low-NOx Cell{trademark} Burner (LNCB{trademark}) Retrofit project is to demonstrate the cost-effective reduction of NOx generated by a large, base-loaded (70% capacity factor or greater), coal-fired utility boiler. Specific objectives include: (1) At least 50% NOx reduction over standard two-nozzle cell burners, without degradation of boiler performance or life; (2) acquire and evaluate emission and boiler performance data before and after the retrofit to determine NOx reduction and impact on overall boiler performance; (3) demonstrate that the LNCB{trademark} retrofits are the most cost-effective alternative to emerging, or commercially-available NOx control technology for units equipped with cell burners. The focus of this demonstration is to determine maximum NOx reduction capabilities without adversely impacting plant performance, operation and maintenance.

The overall objectives of the full-Scale Low-NO{sub x} Cell{trademark} Burner (LNCB{trademark}) Retrofit project is to demonstrate the cost-effective reduction of NO{sub x} generated by a large, base-loaded (70% capacity factor or greater), coal-fired utility boiler. Specific objectives include: (1) At least 50% NO{sub x} reduction over standard two-nozzle cell burners, without degradation of boiler performance or life; (2) Acquire and evaluate emission and boiler performance data before and after the retrofit to determine NO{sub x} reduction and impact on overall boiler performance; (3) Demonstrate that the LNCB{trademark} retrofits are the most cost-effective alternative to emerging, or commercially- available NO{sub x} control technology for units equipped with cell burners. The focus of this demonstration is to determine maximum NO{sub x} reduction capabilities without adversely impacting plant performance, operation and maintenance. In particular, the prototype evaluations will resolve many technical issues not possible to address fully in the previous pilot-scale work and the single full-scale burner installation.

This Enhanced Characterization of the Repository Block Requirements Document (ECRB-RD) provides applicable design and construction requirements for the Enhanced Characterization of the Repository Block (ECRB) East-West Drift and its associated equipment. This document also identifies the applicable requirements from the Exploratory Studies Facilities Design Requirements (ESFDR) Document (YMPICM-00 19, Revision 2, ICN- 1) for design and construction of the ECRB East-West Drift, ground support, constructor support utilities and components. These requirements have been tailored specifically for the ECRB East-West Drift design and construction. The allocated requirements for the ECRB East-West Drift are in Sections III through VI. The requirements in sections III through VI contain requirement numbers from the ESFDR, Rev 2, ICN-1 for reference back to the ESFDR. Each requirement in the ECRB-RD also identifies a trace to the Site Design and Test Requirements Document (YMP/CM-0021, Rev. 2, ICN-1) and 10CFR60 similar to the style used in the ESFDR. These traces to 10CFR60 are consistent with the 1995 version of 10CFR60 used by the SD&TRD and the ESFDR. Those ESFDR requirements statements that were technically modified are identified as such and those that were derived as part of this allocation are also identified. An activity evaluation has been performed …

None

A common coil design for high field 2-in-1 accelerator magnets has been previously presented as a 'conductor-friendly' option for high field magnets applicable for a Very Large Hadron Collider. This paper presents the mechanical design for a 14 tesla 2-in-1 dipole based on the common coil design approach. The magnet will use a high current density Nb{sub 3}Sn conductor. The design addresses mechanical issues particular to the common coil geometry: horizontal support against coil edges, vertical preload on coil faces, end loading and support, and coil stresses and strains. The magnet is the second in a series of racetrack coil magnets that will provide experimental verification of the common coil design approach.