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Electricity Restructuring Background: Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 (PUHCA)
This report provides background information on PUHCA, including its history and impact. It also discusses how PUHCA reform fits into the current electric utility industry restructuring debate. This report will be updated as events warrant. For related information on electricity restructuring, see the CRS Electronic Briefing Book.
Date:
January 7, 1999
Creator:
Abel, Amy
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Electricity Restructuring Background: The Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 and the Energy Policy Act of 1992
None
Date:
May 4, 1998
Creator:
Abel, Amy
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Electricity Restructuring Background: The Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 and the Energy Policy Act of 1992
The Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT) increased competition in the electric generating sector by creating new entities that can generate and sell electricity at wholesale without being regulated as utilities under PUHCA. PURPA began to shift more regulatory responsibilities to the federal government, and EPACT continued that shift away from the states by creating new options for utilities and regulators to meet electricity demand.
Date:
May 4, 1998
Creator:
Abel, Amy
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Education Vouchers: The Constitutional Standards
This report sketches the constitutional standards that apply to public aid to sectarian schools and especially to programs of indirect assistance such as education vouchers.
Date:
June 11, 1998
Creator:
Ackerman, David M.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Education Vouchers: The Constitutional Standards
The Court’s decisions permit a limited degree of public aid to be provided directly and a broader range of assistance indirectly. This report sketches the constitutional standards that apply to public aid to sectarian schools and especially to programs of indirect assistance such as education vouchers. It also summarizes recent significant state court decisions involving vouchers.
Date:
June 11, 1998
Creator:
Ackerman, David M.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Global Climate Change: Selected Legal Questions About the Kyoto Protocol
This report discusses the Kyoto Protocol and whether the United States is now legally bound by the Protocol, the legal implications of signing it, whether it could be implemented as an executive agreement without submission to the Senate, and whether the Protocol could be used as the legal basis for regulation of emissions even prior to ratification.
Date:
April 10, 1998
Creator:
Ackerman, David M.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
”In God We Trust” on the Nation’s Coins and Currency and as the National Motto: History and Constitutionality
This report discusses the history of the use of the phrase "In God We Trust" on the national currency, and the constitutional legality of the practice.
Date:
July 10, 1996
Creator:
Ackerman, David M.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Kosovo and NATO: Selected Issues of International Law
None
Date:
April 28, 1999
Creator:
Ackerman, David M.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Law of Church and State: The Proposed Religious Freedom Amendment, H.J. Res. 78
This report summarizes legislative developments on the proposal and briefly analyzes its likely legal effect if added to the Constitution.
Date:
April 20, 1998
Creator:
Ackerman, David M.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Legislative Prayer and School Prayer: The Constitutional Difference
Congressional Research Service (CRS) report entailing the Constitutional difference between legislative prayer and school prayer. Topics include, descriptions of both types of prayer, their distinctions, and a conclusion on the matter.
Date:
October 26, 1994
Creator:
Ackerman, David M.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Legislative Prayer and School Prayer: The Constitutional Difference
The Supreme Court's decisions holding government-sponsored prayer in the public schools to violate the First Amendment's establishment clause but prayer in legislative assemblies to be constitutional are sometimes lifted up as contradictory. This report summarizes the relevant decisions and identifies the distinctions the Court has drawn between the two situations.
Date:
October 26, 1994
Creator:
Ackerman, David M.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Religious Freedom Restoration Act: Its Rise, Fall, and Current Status
This report briefly summarizes Employment Division, Oregon Department of Human Resources v. Smith, the legislative history of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), the Supreme Court's decision in City of Boerne, Texas v. Flores, and RFRA's current legal status, and notes the introduction of the Religious Liberty Protection Act (RLPA).
Date:
June 25, 1998
Creator:
Ackerman, David M.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Religious Freedom Amendment: H.J. Res. 78, As Reported by the House Judiciary Committee
This report details the legislative, political, and legal contexts of H.J.Res 78 (Religious Freedom Amendment) and analyzes its legal effect.
Date:
May 28, 1998
Creator:
Ackerman, David M. & Sayler, James
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Caribbean Basin Enhancement Legislation
Legislation provides Caribbean countries similar tariff benefits as Mexico under the Caribbean and Central American Relief and Economic Stabilization Act. A senate bill provides relief to the hurricane affected countries of Central America. The senate bill is more restrictive than the House bill in the scope of tariff benefits offered.
Date:
March 26, 1999
Creator:
Ahearn, Raymond
System:
The UNT Digital Library
China’s Economy: Findings of a Research Trip
This report is on China’s Economy: Findings of a Research Trip.
Date:
February 9, 1998
Creator:
Ahearn, Raymond J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Hemispheric Free Trade: Status, Hurdles, and Opposition
None
Date:
September 29, 1997
Creator:
Ahearn, Raymond J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Japan-U.S. Trade Negotiations: Will the Deadlock Be Broken?
The United States and Japan have been deadlocked for over a year in an effort to reach agreements under the July 1993 Framework for a New Economic Relationship. The overriding obstacle has concerned the issue of how to measure progress under future agreements to open Japan's market further to foreign goods and services.
Date:
September 13, 1994
Creator:
Ahearn, Raymond J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Japan's Response to U.S. Trade Pressures: End of an Era?
Over the past 30 years, U.S. trade negotiators have pressured Japan to open its market to foreign goods and services. These outside pressures, known as gaiatsu in Japan, have been based partly on economically coercive bargaining and partly on invitation. The coercive element, which has entailed threats of retaliatory market constriction should a satisfactory resolution of the market opening dispute not be forthcoming, generally has been a necessary ingredient in obtaining concessions from Japan. The invitational component, which has included requests for U.S. pressures from Japanese interests who favor reforms, generally has facilitated Japanese concessions and made the gaiatsu process unique.
Date:
June 12, 1995
Creator:
Ahearn, Raymond J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Mercosur: Formation, Status, Trade Effects, Policy Challenges, and U.S. Interests
This report examines Mercosur, the third largest preferential trading group in the world. Since its inception in 1991, Mercosur has made considerable progress in integrating the economies of its members. The integration --- an almost complete free trade area and a partial customs union --- has been accompanied by a significant increase in U.S. exports and investment to the region. In the future, Mercosur face challenges affecting the size of its membership, the depth of its integration, and the strength of its institutions.
Date:
May 6, 1998
Creator:
Ahearn, Raymond J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Regional Free Trade Partners and U.S. Interests: What's Next?
None
Date:
March 13, 1995
Creator:
Ahearn, Raymond J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Vietnam: Economic/Political Developments and U.S. Relations
This report provides an overview of the economic/political developments in Vietnam, including their relationship with the United States.
Date:
November 22, 1996
Creator:
Ahearn, Raymond J. & Stutter, Robert G.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Reauthorization Legislation: An Overview
This report provides an overview of IDEA and its reauthorization and describes the IDEA Amendments of 1997.
Date:
June 4, 1997
Creator:
Aleman, Steven R.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Reauthorization Legislation: An Overview
CRS Report for Congress entailing information about The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) reauthorization legislation. Topics include, legislation within the 105th Congress, local relief, educational improvements, allocation formulas, etc..
Date:
June 4, 1997
Creator:
Aleman, Steven R.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
English as the Official Language of the United States: An Overview
None
Date:
April 1, 1997
Creator:
Aleman, Steven R.; Bruno, Andorra & Dale, Charles V.
System:
The UNT Digital Library