This report discusses the severe economic and environmental obstacles to growth which is a result of the soviets' former colonial-style in this region.

This report is about the Republic of Byelarus, a nation that was a former U.S.S.R. member, that is small, ethnically diverse, and now facing the reality of full independence. Includes geographic and demographic information, information on political leaders and institutions, and foreign relations.

This report is about Conflict in Moldova

This report is about the basic facts about turkmenistan.

This report is on the then newly formed Tajikistan Republic. Information on the geographics, demographics, history, political leaders and institutions, and foreign relations of Tajikistan.

This report is about newly independent Ukraine which may become an important European power

This report is about the basic facts about Ukraine.

This report

This report outlines the reasons as to why Kazakhstan is a political powerhouse within Eurasian politics. Some reasons mentioned are size, resources, and strategic location.

This report summarizes Kyrgyzstan's background history, political, and economic reforms in the late 1990. Kyrgyzstan has progressed the farthest in such reforms among the Central Asian republics.

This report covers basic facts about Armenia like landmass, population size, and demographics.

This report is about U.S.S.R and the Russian20 Federation.

This report is about the historical facts of Georgia.

This report is on the basic facts of the Republic of Azerbaijan, a nation largely populated by Turkic-speaking Muslims. Includes information on the geographies, demographics, history, political leaders and institutions, and foreign relations of Azerbaijan.

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U.S. citizenship is conferred at birth under the principle of jus soli (nationality of place of birth) and the principle of jus sanguinis (nationality of parents). The U.S. Constitution states as a fundamental rule of jus soli citizenship that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." The exceptions to universal citizenship comprehended by the requirement that a person be born "subject to the jurisdiction thereof" include: (1) children born to a foreign sovereign or accredited diplomatic official; (2) children born on a foreign public vessel, such as a warship; (3) children born to an alien enemy in hostile occupation; and (4) native Indians.

This report contains a list of readings focuses on the current state of the U.S. economic relationship with Japan. A general, introductory section is followed by citations discussing specific Japanese business practices and trade policies which have an impact on the relationship. The bibliography also describes trade trends in specific sectors (including commentaries on the semiconductor agreement) and concludes with a section on policy options.

This report discusses medicaid and recent trend is beneficiaries and spending.

With Japan the United States has had one of its most important, and, at the same time, one of its most difficult, trading rela- tionships. Japan ranks second to Canada as the largest U.S. export market. It is also the largest single source of imports to the United States.

The 102d Congress considered H.R. 5100, the Trade Expansion Act of 1992, an omnibus trade bill covering a wide range of issues. The bill became the legislative vehicle for a variety of pending trade bills. H.R. 5100 was reported by the House Ways and Means Committee on June 23, 1992, taken up by the House on July 8,1992, amended, and passed. However, the bill received no action in the Senate. H.R. 5100 included provisions pertaining to market access for various U.S.

The European Community (EC) and Japan reached an agreement on trade in automobiles in July 1991. The agreement restricts exports of automobiles from Japan to the EC to 1.23 million cars per year until the end of 1999. The Commission of the European Communities estimates that Japanese transplant production in the EC will amount to 1.2 million cars per year in 1999. The Japanese appear to concur with this estimate but do not agree that it constitutes a cap on transplant investment or production. Whether the agreement covers the export of U.S.-built Japanese transplants to the EC is unclear. If the agreement covers, or has the effect of discouraging, such exports, it would be a cause for concern for U.S. policymakers. U.S. trade officials have reportedly discussed the issue with Japanese counterparts. It is unknown whether U.S. concerns have been addressed to European Community (EC) officials.

The world has entered the age of the economic triad of Europe, North America, and East Asia. These geo-economic centers comprise the leading industrial regions of the world and increasingly set international trade policy, generate consumer and industry trends, and provide much of the capital and expertise for the rest of the globe. Within these regions, the United States, the European Community (EC), and Japan take the leadership roles.

Congressional policymaking with respect to trade with Japan is driven by strong domestic interests, appeals to broad political principles, and numerous horror stories. The $43 billion U.S. trade deficit with Japan continues to be a focus of attention, but the deficit is an issue because it reflects aggressive competition between Japanese companies and U.S. industries.

The 1990s are likely to be known as the decade of the trading blocs, although these neo-blocs differ considerably from those of the 1930s. Countries are linking to liberalize the flow of trade and investments across their borders without necessarily raising external barriers. The European Community and the European Free Trade Association are linking to create a European Economic Area, and the United States and Canada have joined in negotiations with Mexico to conclude a North America Free Trade Agreement. In Asia, nations have been studying the idea of a similar arrangement for themselves.