Across the Muddy Red (open access)

Across the Muddy Red

Article illustrates the history of suspension bridges constructed on the Red River between Oklahoma and Texas. Environmental conditions threatened the stability of these bridges, but the industries in the area and transport needs led to continual attempts at creating a lasting structure.
Date: Winter 1983
Creator: Crockett, Bernice N.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Alice Brown Davis: A Leader of Her People (open access)

Alice Brown Davis: A Leader of Her People

Article pays a biographical tribute to Alice Brown Davis, school superintendent, court interpreter, and later chief of her tribe, in her dedication and contributions to the Seminole Nation after their relocation to Oklahoma.
Date: Winter 1980
Creator: Waldowski, Paula
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Ann Florence Wilson: Matriarch of the Cherokee Female Seminary (open access)

Ann Florence Wilson: Matriarch of the Cherokee Female Seminary

Article describes the life and career of Ann Florence Wilson, an educator who became Principal Teacher at the Cherokee National Female Seminary and had a profound impact on her students and community. Devon Abbott provides historical context to her life in a time of political change.
Date: Winter 1989
Creator: Abbott, Devon
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Aroma of Politics: Reymond Gary and the Election of 1954 (open access)

The Aroma of Politics: Reymond Gary and the Election of 1954

Article details Raymond Gary's successful gubernatorial campaign and some of the key political figures who opposed him. The elections in1954 were a colorful affair, and the political and personal intrigue that surrounded the candidates is documented here.
Date: Spring 1988
Creator: Milligan, James C. & Norris, L. David
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Around Tahlequah Council Fires: The Life of Oklahoma Historian T. L. Ballenger (open access)

Around Tahlequah Council Fires: The Life of Oklahoma Historian T. L. Ballenger

Article describes the life of Tom Lee Ballenger, a professor at Northeastern State University in Tahlequah who spent a lifetime educating students and researching the history of Oklahoma. The title of the article is taken from an anthology Ballenger wrote about the capital of the Cherokee Nation and the people who established it.
Date: Autumn 1982
Creator: Agnew, Brad
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Attempted Secession in Oklahoma: The Four-Mile Strip, 1935-1950 (open access)

Attempted Secession in Oklahoma: The Four-Mile Strip, 1935-1950

Article illustrates the proceedings of secession attempts by a four-mile strip of Grady County to become part of the neighboring Stephens County. Mary S. Redmond examines the motivations behind the secession as well as the reasons for the outcome of the attempts.
Date: Summer 1982
Creator: Redmond, Mary S.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
"Back the Attack": The Sale of War Bonds in Oklahoma (open access)

"Back the Attack": The Sale of War Bonds in Oklahoma

Article describes the success of the war bond campaign in Oklahoma during World War II, an effort spearheaded by state director Sidney C. Bray whose promotional efforts included enlisting the help of businessmen, media, and volunteers.
Date: Autumn 1983
Creator: Welsh, Carol Holderby
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Bacone School of Art (open access)

The Bacone School of Art

Article explores the history of Bacone College's School of Art, focusing on the students and instructors who fostered an environment of both ingenuity and tradition in the field of Indian art. This article includes images of illustrations created by the graduates of the school.
Date: Spring 1980
Creator: Meredith, Howard L.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Barbed Wire and Nazilagers: PW Camps in Oklahoma (open access)

Barbed Wire and Nazilagers: PW Camps in Oklahoma

Article describes the history of "alien internment" and Prisoner of War camps in Oklahoma during World War II, beginning with historical context and a glimpse of life in the camps to providing specific details about each camp.
Date: Spring 1986
Creator: Warner, Richard S.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Battle of Devil's Backbone Mountain (open access)

The Battle of Devil's Backbone Mountain

Article chronicles the Battle of Devil's Backbone on Devil's Backbone Mountain, a skirmish that occurred between Confederate and Federal troops during the Civil War. Tom Franzman discusses the ramifications of the Northern victory and how it contributed to the deterioration of Confederate control in the area.
Date: Winter 1984
Creator: Franzman, Tom
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Battle of the Washita, Revisited: A Journey to a Historic Site in 1933 (open access)

The Battle of the Washita, Revisited: A Journey to a Historic Site in 1933

Article describes the journey of Howard F. Van Zandt and Guy W. Lanman, two graduate students from the University of Oklahoma, to the historic site of the Battle of the Washita in 1933. Howard F. Van Zandt provides his reconstruction of the events following the walkthrough of the battle sites and his interaction with a Cheyenne survivor of the attack.
Date: Spring 1984
Creator: Van Zandt, Howard F.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Bird's Eye Views of Oklahoma Towns (open access)

Bird's Eye Views of Oklahoma Towns

Article describes the process of depicting Oklahoma cities through perspective drawings, which eventually were reproduced and sold as lithographic prints. Donald A. Wise touches on the lives and work of some of the artists who created these, such as T. M. Fowler and J. P. Hathaway.
Date: Autumn 1989
Creator: Wise, Donald A.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Bizzell and Brandt: Pioneers in Indian Studies, 1929-1937 (open access)

Bizzell and Brandt: Pioneers in Indian Studies, 1929-1937

Article describes the efforts of Joseph Brandt, editor of the University of Oklahoma Press, and University of Oklahoma President William Bizzell, to create an Indian Studies Program at the University of Oklahoma in the 1920s and 1930s. Though unsuccessful, their venture laid the foundation for future forays into related programs across the U.S.
Date: Summer 1988
Creator: Crum, Steven J.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Black Men Who Wore the "Star" (open access)

Black Men Who Wore the "Star"

Article explores the accomplishments of black men who became deputy marshals to enforce the law on the frontier of Indian Territory. Nudie E. Williams focuses on the lives and motivations of three men in particular: Bass Reeves, Zeke Miller, and Grant Johnson.
Date: Spring 1981
Creator: Williams, Nudie E.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Black Press in Oklahoma: The Formative Years, 1889-1907 (open access)

The Black Press in Oklahoma: The Formative Years, 1889-1907

Article describes the history of black newspapers in Oklahoma, beginning with their roots in Oklahoma and Indian Territories in the late nineteenth century. Nudie Williams explores how the press was used to promote black communities as well as call for activism related to civil rights and fair treatment.
Date: Autumn 1983
Creator: Williams, Nudie E.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Black Slavery in Indian Territory: The Ex-Slave Narratives (open access)

Black Slavery in Indian Territory: The Ex-Slave Narratives

Article examines the contents of ex-slave narratives from the collection assembled under the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration. Monroe Billington points out that little attention was given to black slavery among the Indians of Indian Territory and focuses on related narratives.
Date: Spring 1982
Creator: Billington, Monroe
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Broncs, Bulls and Contracts: The Rodeo World of the Beutler Brothers (open access)

Broncs, Bulls and Contracts: The Rodeo World of the Beutler Brothers

Article explores the history of the Beutler Brothers, a family of stock contractors and rodeo runners, and their success in the industry from the 1920s to the 1980s. Randy L. Beutler details the business run by his grand-uncles, Elra, Jake, and Lynn Beutler.
Date: Spring 1985
Creator: Beutler, Randy L.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Business on the Wing: Corporate Sponsorship of Oklahoma Aviation, 1927-1935 (open access)

Business on the Wing: Corporate Sponsorship of Oklahoma Aviation, 1927-1935

Article describes the age of aviation advancement in Oklahoma from 1927 to 1935. Keith Tolman investigates the reasons behind the sponsoring and promotion of air races and air tours by oil companies during this period and their impact on the history of aviation.
Date: Autumn 1988
Creator: Tolman, Keith
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
C.P. "Doc" Wickmiller: Boomer with a "Hatful of Pills" (open access)

C.P. "Doc" Wickmiller: Boomer with a "Hatful of Pills"

Article illustrates the life and career of W. C. "Doc" Wickmiller, a druggist who joined David L. Payne's "boomer" party and settled in Kingfisher, Oklahoma. Genevieve Moss describes the growth of his drugstore from a tent to the first two-story building in town and a mini-museum that showcased all the artifacts he had collected on the frontier.
Date: Summer 1985
Creator: Moss, Genevieve
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Capture of the J. R. Williams (open access)

The Capture of the J. R. Williams

Article details the capture of the federal steamboat, J. R. Williams, and efforts by Confederate guerilla fighter Colonel Stand Watie to recapture the Arkansas River area for the South.
Date: Spring 1982
Creator: Lee, Keun Sang
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Carl W. Skogsberg and the Beginning of Colonial Bakery (open access)

Carl W. Skogsberg and the Beginning of Colonial Bakery

Article describes the life and career of Carl W. Skogsberg, founder of the Colonial Baking Company in Oklahoma City, and his business practices that brought growth and success even in the midst of trying times like the Great Depression.
Date: Autumn 1986
Creator: Meredith, Howard L.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Cattle, Coal, and Indian Land: A Tradition of Mining in Southeastern Oklahoma (open access)

Cattle, Coal, and Indian Land: A Tradition of Mining in Southeastern Oklahoma

Article describes the history of coal mining in Choctaw and Chickasaw lands in Indian Territory. This industry grew and developed into the 1950s-70s format, strip mining, and Michael J. Hightower discusses the newer legislation created for the restoration of lands carved out by the process.
Date: Spring 1984
Creator: Hightower, Michael J.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Cattle Market for the World: The Oklahoma National Stockyards (open access)

Cattle Market for the World: The Oklahoma National Stockyards

Article describes the creation and development of the Oklahoma National Stockyards, which was the largest and most modern livestock enterprise ever conducted at one time. Carol Holderby Welsh describes the complex itself as well as the impact it had on Oklahoma City and the area surrounding it.
Date: Spring 1982
Creator: Welsh, Carol Holderby
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Centennial Legacy of the General Allotment Act (open access)

The Centennial Legacy of the General Allotment Act

Article describes the details of the General Allotment Act, also known as the Dawes Act of 1887, and its impact on history. This centennial explanation of the legislation illustrates the struggles Indian tribe members faced in negotiating land allotments and the bureaucrats who favored their assimilation.
Date: Autumn 1987
Creator: Gibson, Arrell M.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History