This technical report describes two atmospheric pressure rigs with associated equipment designed for investigating heat transfer and friction characteristics of different type of "roughened" surfaces to develop suitable surfaces for an H.T.G.C.R. fuel element. Operating details are given together with techniques used to measure heat transfer and friction on a surface assembly incorporating selected "roughened" surfaces. Methods for calculating Stanton numbers, friction factors, and Reynolds numbers for such an assembly are included.

The guiding center motion and the adiabatic invariants of charged particle trajectories in electromagnetic fields are treated in this review. General and specific theories of charged particle motion are also reviewed.

Technical report. From Abstract : "Irradiation of 'Dowex' 1, 'Permutit' S-1, and 'Permutit' SK anion exchange resins with alpha particles results in losses in ion exchange capacity and in 'apparent per cent crosslinkage'. The order of decreasing radiolytic stability for these properties in 'Permutit" SX > 'Permutit' S-1 > 'Dowex' 1."

"The energy method is applied to study the stability of two types of difference approximations to parabolic partial differential equations, the alternating direction methods Douglas, Peaceman, and Rachford, and a new semi- explicit method. Each difference scheme is proved to be unconditionally stable. These results apply to parabolic equations with variable coefficients, defined in cylindrical domains with an essentially arbitrary bounded base."

Abstract. Some recent analysis of certain Lid Tank fast neutron dose rates measured in oil and water indicates that there are some basic inconsistencies with reported oxygen and carbon removal cross sections and the reported data. These inconsistencies may be explained in several ways: (1) The reported carbon removal cross section is wrong. (2) The reported oil composition is wrong. (3) The reported oxygen removal cross section is wrong since it is based on an assumed rather than a measured oil composition. (4) Some of the experimental data are wrong. It is not possible to determine which of the above is most likely on the basis of analysis alone but the possibilities are pointed out and, based on the assumption that all the experimental data are correct, it appears most likely that the oil composition assumed in ORNL 2197 was in error.

From abstract: "Recently a general chemical method for the analysis of mixtures of alcohols appeared, using pyridine catalyzed acetylation and second order kinetics to determine the amount of the faster reacting component. The use of 0.25M isobutyric anhydride in pyridine containing 0.0025M perchloric acid as catalyst promotes the rate of the reaction and diminishes the time necessary to perform an analysis. A mathematical treatment of the data and kinetic plot reduces the number of kinetic points to only four or five. The mixtures are primarily composed of isomers."

This seventh Annual Report is a summary of some of the progress in scientific and engineering research and development carried on at Argonne National Laboratory during 1961. As is customary in this series, only those portions of the total program that have reached such a stage that they may be of general interest are recorded. Thus, a comparison with the Annual Reports for 1959 (ANL-6125) and for 1960 (ANL-6275) will reveal the description of a generally different set of scientific activities. A more detailed presentation of any work covered in this report or of the many ANL projects not mentioned may be obtained by perusing the various progress and topical reports issued by the Laboratory during 1961. A list of the publications in the scientific journals during 1961 by Argonne personnel has been given as an Appendix.

Antiproton-production and nucleon-interaction cross sections were investigated for antiprotons in the energy range 0.5 to 1.0 Bev. The antiprotons were distinguished from other particles produced at the Bevatron by a system of scintillation- and velocity-selecting Cerenkov counters. The excitation function and momentum distribution were recorded for antiproton production in carbon and compared with statistical model expectations.

Oscillations have been observed in a magnetically supported cylindrical rod of plasma. This rod of plasma can be the discharge occurring in the defining aperture of a Mode II, pressure gradient arc. Similar oscillations can also occur in the column of a Mode I arc. These oscillations appear to be the mechanism that drives the Mode II blowup phenomena.

Technical report. From Abstract : "Laboratory data are given and discussed that outline the potential application of N, N-distributed amides to the separation of uranium, neptunium, and plutonium from fission products."

In the reprocessing of spent solid fuels from nuclear reactors by direct volatilization, one of the major problems is the removal of heat from the highly exothermic gas-solid reactions. The use of fluidized beds of inert granular material as heat transfer media to control these exothermic reactions forms the basis of one approach to volatile reprocessing which is under development at BNL The engineering scale work carried out under this development program is discussed.

"The purposes of the program being conducted under the present contract are: 1) To determine the feasibility of cladding zirconium on uranium by a direct casting process. 2) To investigate the diffusion of liquid metals in the fusion zone."

Previous attempts to interpret chemical structure in terms of x-electron resonance have been recently criticized. A reinterpretation of the lengths of the C-C bonds in terms of orbital radii has not revealed any effects of x-electron resonance in the ground states of classical molecules such as 1, 3-butadiene, methyl acetylene, etc. Even in a non-classical molecule such as benzene, resonance shortening of the CC bond is only in terms of the strengths of the hybrid orbitals. If the lengths and force constants of the C-C bonds vary with hybridization, so also must their bond energies. If resonance is not important in classical molecules, the heat of atomization of a classical molecule must be given by the sum of either the energies of the bonds or the contributions of the atoms present in it. To test this theory, we have estimated the contributions of some standard carbon atoms, viz., primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, trigonal, and diagonal carbon atoms.

Abstract: The boron-carbon equilibrium diagram has been determined by X-ray, metallographic, and thermal analysis of sintered and arc-cast alloys. A single carbide having a range of solubility from approximately 9 to 20 a/o carbon and melting congruently exists in the system. The terminal solubility of carbon in boron is 0.1-0.2a/o. The freezing reaction at the composition and melting temperature of elemental boron; there is a eutectic reaction at 29a/o carbon and 2375 degrees Celcius. No allotropy of boron was observed.

Abstract: A definitive investigation of the boron-carbon equilibrium system is being made by X-ray diffraction, metallographic, and thermal analytical techniques. On the basis of metallographic and X-ray diffraction studies it is concluded that boron carbide has a range of solubility from approximately 10 to 20 atomic per cent carbon at 1500 degrees to 2000 degrees Celsius. The melting point of the carbide-graphite eutectic has been established as 2325-2350 degrees Celsius. No reversible allotropy of the beta-rhombohedral structure has been observed. The solubility of carbon in boron is very small. The melting point of dilute carbon alloys is found to be essentially the same as that of pure boron (2040 degrees to 2050 degrees). No metallographic evidence of a three-phase reaction of dilute alloys is observed.

An electron can suffer a very large acceleration in passing through the Coulomb field of a nucleus, and in this interaction the radiant energy (photons) lost by the electrons is called bremsstrahlung (also, bremsstrahlung sometimes designates the interaction itself). If an electron whose total energy [formula] traverses matter of atomic number Z, the electron loses energy chiefly by bremsstrahlung. This case is considered here.

The absorption in lead of Bremsstrahlung X radiation from a Sr^90 TiO3 pellet in the proximity of Hastelloy "C" was measured. The tenth value layer of the more energetic components of the X-ray continuum was determined to be 1.60 inches.

"A broad range nuclear spectrograph of the Buechner-Bainbridge type, which characteristic radius R-50 cm. has been constructed and installed for use in conjunction with the Rochester 27" variable energy cyclotron. For a given magnetic field, particles are focused over an energy range 0.63o‹E‹1.3Eo, where Eo is the energy of particles focused with orbit radius Q-R-50 cm. The resolution of the spectrograph ∆E/E is less than 0.2%. Particles may be recorded either in nuclear emulsions or in an array of solid state counters. Results of calibration measurements and typical nuclear data taken with the spectrograph are presented."

From abstract: "Detailed calculations were undertaken in an attempt to explain some post-shot observations of the underground Bernalillo shot. A procedure was developed to calculate with a one-space dimensional code both the flow of energy up and down the hole and the energy loss into the walls of the hole."

It is shown that a radial pressure gradient exists in the silver chloride when it is used as the pressure transmitting medium in Bridgman anvils. The gradient can be obviated by the use of circular sections of wire. The center of curvature of the wire hoop is made coincident with the anvil center. When the inner and outer diameters of the pyrophyllite retaining ring are 1/2 and 7/16" respectively, the pressure, P, is P = (0.725 + 0.468R) L where R is the fractional displacement from the center, and L is the average pressure as determined from the total load and area of the anvil face. The above appears to be valid to 125 Kbars. The Bismuth 6-8 transition is found to accur at 88+3 Kbars.

A carrier-free separation of hafnium from several hundred milligrams of rare earth oxides by anion exchange from saturated HC1 solution is given. The procedure is completed in 4-8 hours and is suitable for remote control work.

This report provides a detailed discussion of the analytical chemistry of cobalt, including an introduction, the properties of cobalt, the sampling of cobalt-bearing materials, the separation and isolation of cobalt, the detection and identification of cobalt, the determination of cobalt, and the specific methods for determining cobalt.

Test work was completed on development of a stripping method for the amine extraction (Amex) process which produces a concentrated uranyl nitrate solution for shipment to the refinery. This procedure offers potential cost savings by simplifying the overall mill-refinery flowsheet. The process involves treatment of the amine extract with calcium nitrate solution to convert the uranium in the solvent to a nitrate complex, stripping the uranium with water or dilute nitric acid, and recovery of nitrate from the solvent for recycle by contact with a lime slurry.

Studies are being made on the recovery of thorium (and uranium) from granitic rock, since this source represents a very large potential thorium reserve for the nuclear power industry. In preliminary leaching studies on 16 granite samples (containing 8-95 ppm thorium and 1.5-16 ppm uranium), maximum recoveries of thorium and uranium ranged 30-85% and 15-65% respectively, and sulfuric acid consumption was high (30-120 lbs H2SO4 per ton of granite). A relatively high acidity was needed to obtain rapid and efficient dissolution of the soluble thorium fraction. The cost of treating granite was estimated at $3.50-5.20 per ton, variations within this range being dependent primarily on differences in acid consumption for different granites. Estimated costs per pound of thorium plus uranium recovered ranged $30-500.