The primary objective was to investigate the effectiveness of short-term group guidance and short-term individual counseling with freshman college students. The design utilizes the method and procedure of comparing similar groups of students who received group guidance, students who received individual counseling, and students who received no counseling or guidance. A comparison of the ratio between self-ratings and objectively evaluated test scores before and after the study served as the basis for determining the effectiveness of the experimental variables.

This study was made to determine the relationship between n Achievement, the McClelland technique measure of achievement motivation obtained from picture-story protocols, and academic achievement in elementary school children. The California Achievement Tests Battery was used as the criterion for academic achievement.

The purpose of the study was to determine trends between selected factors in the study. Trends between thirty position qualifications and proficiency with children, proficiency with staff, education, age, sex, and length of service were examined, trends between the type of institution, areas of duty, and general proficiency were also examined.