Article describes study which investigated the contributions of both genetic and plastic components for differences in body shape in two species of Lake Malawi cichlids using wild‐caught specimens and a common garden experiment.

This article describes pneumatic energy being converted into solid particle kinetic energy as a solid-particle-entrained gas that flows downward through a vertical nozzle. For the conditions studied, the solid particles serve as a heat exchange medium to enable a gas expansion that is nearly isothermal. Also, the kinetic energy associated with the two-phase fluid is predominantly that associated with subsonic solid-particle motion. The kinetic energy of the solid particles is converted into other forms using a low-speed turbine. A theoretical description of the process is presented, and the initiation of an experimental effort to study the process is described.

This study demonstrates the vulnerability of species to extreme hydrological events, an increasing threat due to climate change.