This report presents work done on a laboratory combustor in an attempt to identify mechanisms that govern the simultaneous capture of alkali and sulfur species using sorbent injection techniques. The mechanisms of capture fall into two broad categories i.e. Physical transport of alkali species (in vapor or condensed phase) to the sorbent surface and surface reaction between the alkali species and the sorbents. Water solubility, though not specific, has been used to get an indication of relative significance of these two broad mechanisms. It is assumed that the physically adsorbed alkali species on sorbents are predominantly water soluble while the chemically reacted alkali content is predominantly water insoluble. In order to infer possible dominant mechanisms, specific parameters has been varied during experimentation. Such parameters include, speciation, particle time-temperature history, and furnace burning conditions.

The purpose of this publication is to provide year-end statistics about electric generating units operated by electric utilities in the United States (the 50 States and the District of Columbia). The publication also provides a 10-year outlook of future generating unit additions. The Summary Statistics chapter contains aggregate capacity statistics at the national and various regional levels for operable electric generating units and planned electric generating unit additions. Aggregate capacity data at the national level are presented by energy source and by prime mover. Aggregate capacity data at the various regional levels are presented by prime energy source. Planned capacity additions in new units are summarized by year, 1991 through 2000. Additionally, this chapter contains a summary of electric generating unit retirements, by energy source and year, from 1991 through 2000. The chapter on Operable Electric Generating Units contains data about each operable electric generating unit and each electric generating unit that was retired from service during the year. Additionally, it contains a summary by energy source of electric generating unit capacity additions and retirements during 1990. Finally, the chapter on Projected Electric Generating Unit Additions contains data about each electric generating unit scheduled by electric utilities to start operation …

Measurement of beam properties at the foci of high energy linacs is difficult due to the small size of the waists in proposed and existing accelerators (1 nm {minus} 2 {mu}). This paper considers the use of bremsstrahlung radiation from thin foils to measure the size and phase space density these beams using nonimaging optics. The components of the system are described, and the ultimate resolution, evaluated theoretically for the case of the Final Focus Test Beam at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, is a few nm. 13 refs., 4 figs. 1 tab.

The use of failure-prone components in critical applications has been traditionally governed by removing such components from service prior to the expiration of their predicted life expectancy. Such early retirement of materials does not guarantee that a particular sample will not fail in actual usage. The increasing cost of such life expectancy based operation and increased demand for improved reliability in industrial settings has necessitated an alternate form of quality control. Modern applications employ nondestructive evaluation (NDE), also known as nondestructive testing (NDT), as a means of monitoring the levels and growth of defects in a material throughout its operational life. This thesis describes the modifications made to existing instrumentation used for magnetic measurements at the Center for Nondestructive Evaluation at Iowa State University. Development of a new portable instrument is also given. An overview of the structure and operation of this instrumentation is presented. This thesis discusses the application of the magnetic hysteresis and Barkhausen measurement techniques, described in Sections 1.3.1 and 1.3.2 respectively, to a number of ferromagnetic specimens. Specifically, measurements were made on a number of railroad steel specimens for fatigue characterization, and on specimens of Damascus steel and Terfenol-D for materials evaluation. 60 refs., 51 figs., …

This document discusses a turbulator which utilizes a heated chemical bath to reduce smearable contamination from small parts and tools. It is comprised of two agitators programmed to automatically alternate the flow of the cleaning solution within the tank in four separate and distinct high velocity flow patterns allowing access to the entire surface area of the part or tool being decontaminated. The turbulator is being evaluated to determine if agitation increases the effectiveness of waste minimization. Testing of the turbulator consisted of evaluation of the Sludgetrap Containment, Tool Cleaning Demonstration, and Coupon Testing. Results so far are that the sludgetrap is effective in containing particles the size of sand, agitation increases the effectiveness of the turbulator, abrasives can replace detergents for waste minimization, and Inconel 625 is more difficult to clean than Type 3041 Stainless Steel.

Research continues on the flow properties of wet solids. During this period we have made: progress in the analysis of the accuracy of the technique, progress in firming the foundations of LIPA for Solid-Liquid Mixtures, progress in the construction of better prototype skimmers, continued progress in chemically manufacturing both more red europium imbedded CaF{sub 2} and Green liquid Flowlite, and progress in understanding the coupling of LIPA chemicals snd dynamic range and timing. (VC)

In support of a fiber-tile calorimeter for SDC, we have done studies on a number of topics. The most basic problems were light output and uniformity of response. Using a small electron beam, we have studied fiber placement, tile preparation, wrapping and masking, fiber splicing, fiber routing, phototube response, and some degradation factors. We found two configurations which produced more light output than the others and reasonably uniform response. We have chosen one of these to go into production for the EM test module on the basis of fiber routing for ease of assembly of the calorimeter. We have also applied some of the tools we developed to CDF end plug tile uniformity, shower max testing and development for a couple of detectors, and development of better techniques for radiation damage studies. 18 figs.

As part of a joint USA/USSR Environmental Agreement to determine the distribution and concentration of Chernobyl radioactivity in the northwest Black Sea area, the sediment from eight stations was collected and analyzed to assess the ability of sediment from the northwest Black Sea to adsorb radiocesium. Two methods were used to determine partitioning between liquid and solid phases; batch tests and porewater separation. In the batch test, Cs-137 tracer was added to mixtures of sediment and bottom water, with contact solutions ranging from 85 Bq/ml to 1760 Bq/ml. The distribution ratios (R{sub D}) for individual batch tests ranged from 390 to 1770 ml/g. Isotherms were linear for all cores and R{sub D} values calculated from the slopes of the isotherms ranged from 660 to 1660 ml/g. A second approach was used to determine the partitioning of Cs-137 between the porewater and the sediment under more natural conditions. The top 2 cm of two cores were sectioned and the sediment and the porewater were separated. In both samples the sediment contained significant amounts of Cs-137 and Cs-134 indicating the presence of fallout from the Chernobyl reactor accident. There was no cesium activity observed in the porewater at a minimum detectable level …

Hybrid technologies for reduction of NO{sub x} emissions from coal fired utility boilers may offer greater levels of NO{sub x} control than the sum of the individual technologies, leading to more cost effective emissions control strategies. Energy and Environmental Research Corporation had developed a hybrid NO{sub x} control strategy involving two proprietary concepts which has the potential to meet the US Department of Energy's goal at a significant reduction in cost compared to existing technology. The process has been named CombiNO{sub x}. CombiNO{sub x} is the integration of three separate NO control technologies: (1) Gas Reburning, (2) CO-Promoted Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction, and (3) Methanol Injection/NO{sub 2} Scrubbing.

The objective is to develop and test various integrated solar heating, cooling and domestic hot water systems, and to evaluate their performance. Systems composed of new, as well as previously tested, components are carefully integrated so that effects of new components on system performance can be clearly delineated. The SEAL-DOE program includes six tasks which have received funding for the 1991--92 fifteen-month period. These include: (1) a project employing isothermal operation of air and liquid solar space heating systems, (2) a project to build and test several generic solar water heaters, (3) a project that will evaluate advanced solar domestic hot water components and concepts and integrate them into solar domestic hot water systems, (4) a liquid desiccant cooling system development project, (5) a project that will perform system modeling and analysis work on solid desiccant cooling systems research, and (6) a management task. The objectives and progress in each task are described in this report.

Computer model calculations are presented for enrichments of carbon, oxygen, and sulfur isotopes by two-step, IR/UV, laser photodissociation of OCS in rare gas liquid solutions. The model calculations are based on previously measured fundamental physical properties, including spectroscopic parameters of the IR absorption bands of OCS in cryogenic solution, UV photodissociation cross sections for specific vibrational levels of OCS, and rates for vibrational relaxation of OCS by cryogenic solvents. Results are presented for both pulsed and continuous wave laser sources. Photodissociation through both the 2{nu}{sub 2} and {nu}{sub 1} intermediate vibrational levels of OCS is investigated. The laser characteristics required to obtain optimum enrichments are determined by modeling the dependence of enrichment on laser wavelength and intensity, as well as pulse width and timing for pulsed sources. Optimum carbon and oxygen isotope enrichment factors of 9--14 are found for two-step photodissociation through the OCS(2{nu}{sub 2}) vibrational level, using pulsed CO{sub 2} and KrF excimer laser sources. Optimum sulfur isotope enrichment factors of 5--6 are found for photodissociation through the OCS({nu}{sub 1}) level, using a pulsed 12 {mu}m laser and a KrF excimer laser. The enrichments found for continuous wave laser sources are smaller than those for pulsed sources. 19 figs., …

The purpose of this analysis is to select the critical characteristics to be verified for steel sets and accessories and the verification methods to be implemented through a material dedication process for the procurement and use of commercial grade structural steel sets and accessories (which have a nuclear safety function) to be used in ground support (with the exception of alcove ground support and alcove opening framing, which are not addressed in this analysis) for the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF) Topopah Spring (TS) Loop. The ESF TS Loop includes the North Ramp, Main Drift, and South Ramp underground openings.

Table 1 summarizes the number of jobs associated with the development and operation of a 50 MW geothermal dual flash power system. The values shown are person years (PY) of employment for the 50 MW system. About 1500 person years (PY) of labor are incorporated in the manufacture and installation of capital components of the system. Of these, about 300 PY are local to the area of the geothermal system, and about 1200 are dispersed elsewhere in the U.S. or other countries. About 71 PY of labor per year are required for the operation of the system. Of those, about 39 PY are local to the plant, and about 32 are dispersed. The total person years of labor over the entire life cycle of such a system, assuming a 30-year operational life, is on the order of 3630 person years. These include jobs during the 5 to 10 years of exploration and construction activities prior to plant start up. Of these jobs, about 1470 PY are local to the system, and about 21 60 are dispersed elsewhere.

This report briefly describes some current applications of advanced computerized digital display and control systems at US commercial nuclear power plants and presents the results of a literature search that was made to gather information on the reliability of these systems. Both hardware and software reliability were addressed in this review. Only limited failure rate information was found, with the chemical process industry being the primary source of information on hardware failure rates and expert opinion the primary source for software failure rates. Safety-grade digital control systems are typically installed on a functional like-for-like basis, replacing older analog systems without substantially changing interactions with other plant systems. Future work includes performing a limited probabilistic risk assessment of a representative DCS to assess its risk significance.

This report presents a complete response to the Tiger Team assessment that was conducted to Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and at the US Department of Energy (DOE) Oak Ridge Operations Office (ORO) from October 2, 1990, through November 30, 1990. The action plans have undergone both a discipline review and a cross-cutting review with respect to root cause. In addition, the action plans have been integrated with initiatives being pursued across Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., in response to Tiger Team findings at other DOE facilities operated by Energy Systems. The root cause section is complete and describes how ORNL intends to address the root cause of the findings identified during the assessment. This report is concerned with reactors safety and health findings, responses, and planned actions. Specific areas include: organization and administration; quality verification; operations; maintenance; training and certification; auxiliary systems; emergency preparedness; technical support; nuclear criticality safety; security/safety interface; experimental activities; site/facility safety review; radiological protection; personnel protection; fire protection; management findings, responses, and planned actions; self-assessment findings, responses, and planned actions; and summary of planned actions, schedules, and costs.

Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers 1989 is the thirteenth annual report of the Energy Information Administration's (EIA) Financial Reporting System (FRS). The report examines financial and operating developments, with particular reference to the 23 major energy companies (the FRS companies'') required to report annually on Form EIA-28. Financial information is reported by major lines of business including oil and gas production, petroleum refining and marketing, and other energy operations. Domestic and international operations are examined separately in this report. It also traces key developments affecting the financial performance of major energy companies in 1989, as well as review of important trends.

The board considers technical and policy issues pertaining to computer science, telecommunications, and associated technologies. Functions include providing a base of expertise for these fields in NRC, monitoring and promoting health of these fields, initiating studies of these fields as critical resources and sources of national economic strength, responding to requests for advice, and fostering interaction among the technologies and the other pure and applied science and technology. This document describes its major accomplishments, current programs, other sponsored activities, cooperative ventures, and plans and prospects.

Our experimental approach focuses on the use of enzymes which catalyze the addition of oxygen to organic compounds. In tailoring the application of these enzymes to coal processing, we are particularly interested in ensuring that oxidation occurs at sulfur and not at carbon-carbon bonds. Previous studies with DBT have shown that the reaction most frequently observed in microbial oxidative pathways is one in which DBT is oxidized at ring carbons. These reactions, as we have said, are accompanied by a considerable decrease in the energy content of the compound. In addition, microbial pathways have been identified in which the sulfur atom is sequentially oxidized to sulfoxide, to sulfone, to sulfonate, and finally to sulfuric acid. In this case, the fuel value of the desulfurized compounds is largely retained. We are evaluating the potential of commercially available enzymes to perform this function.

The objectives of this program are to implement and test the process improvements identified through the engineering studies of the current program to demonstrate the capability of long-term catalyst activity maintenance, and to perform process and design engineering work that can be applied to a scaled-up Liquid Phase Methanol (LPMEOH) facility. An optional series of PDU runs is offered to extend the testing of the process improvements. A parallel research program will be performed to enhance the LPMEOH technical data base to improve the likelihood of commercialization of the LPMEOH process. Activities this quarter include: Flow sheet development for La Porte PDU modifications continues. A preliminary P ID review was completed and flow sheet modifications were identified and are being incorporated. A preliminary hazards review was completed on 22 May. Some minor flow sheet modifications resulted and a number of action items were identified. The most significant action item is to develop a materials reactivity and compatibility grid for the different alcohols, ethers, and esters which will be produced at the PDU. Heat and material balances were completed for the maximum production case of the mixed DME/MEOH synthesis campaign. An improved rate expression was developed. 1 fig.

This report presents a complete response to the Tiger Team assessment that was conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and at the US Department of Energy (DOE) Oak Ridge Operations Office (ORO) from October 22, 1990, through November 30, 1990. The action plans have undergone both a discipline review and a cross-cutting review with respect to root cause. In addition, the action plans have been integrated with initiatives being pursued across Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., in response to Tiger Team findings at other DOE facilities operated by Energy Systems. The root cause section is complete and describes how ORNL intends to address the root causes of the findings identified during the assessment. The action plan has benefited from a complete review by various offices at DOE Headquarters as well as review by the Tiger Team that conducted the assessment to ensure that the described actions are responsive to the observed problems.

The Pen Branch fault was identified in the subsurface at the Savannah River Site (SRS) in 1989 based upon interpretation of earlier seismic reflection surveys and other geologic investigations (Seismorgraph Services Incorp., 1973; Chapman and DiStefano, 1989; Snipes, Fallaw and Price, 1989). A program was initiated at that time to determine the capability of the fault to release seismic energy (Price and others, 1989) as defined in the Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulatory guidelines, 10 CFR 100 Appendix A. This report presents the results of the Pen Branch fault investigation based on data acquired from seismic reflection surveys and shallow drilling across the fault completed at this time. The Earth Science Advisory Committee (ESAC) has reviewed the results of these investigations and unanimously agrees with the conclusion of Westinghouse Savannah River Company (WSRC) that the Pen Branch fault is a non-capable fault. ESAC is a committee of 12 earth science professionals from academia and industry with the charter of providing outside peer review of SRS geotechnical, seismic, and ground water modeling programs.

Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (EER) is currently conducting a test program to develop an advanced NO{sub x} control method utilizing reburning, promoted selective noncatalytic agent injection. The study will consist of fundamental and process testing over a large enough range of operating parameters to significantly reduce the risk of a full scale demonstration project. The test plan for the fundamental testing phase of the program is presented here.

A darkbox and its transporter have been designed for T839 fiber tracking tests. The darkbox is 3.35 m {times} 0.76 m {times} 0.25 m (1{center dot}w{center dot}h) and contains a scintillating fiber ribbon suspension system and mechanical hardware to support the readout electronics. The transporter provides 3.0 m of horizontal motion transverse to the beam for linear scans of fiber characteristics. In addition, 70 degrees of rotation about a vertical axis is provided to simulate tracking of particles emanating from a collision point at lab angles in the range 0{degrees}--70{degrees}. The transporter, which is located inside a radiation area, is remotely controlled to permit scanning the fiber array through the region defined by four small stationary triggering scintillators without disabling beam. The transporter rails extend 20 feet to the west beyond a gate in the radiation enclosure fencing. This provides a staging area to work on the apparatus, while the beam is on. 4 figs.

Research continued on the production of coproducts from continuous mild gasification. During the third quarter of 1990, work focused on start-up and operation of the 50 pound/hour char-to-carbon (CTC) process research unit (PRU). Start-up procedures have been finalized for the methane production reactor, and the design temperature has been achieved. Flows and pressures for the overall process have been balanced and optimized. We have achieved temperatures above 1500{degree}F in the carbon formation reactor. Upgrading experiments on mild gasification pitch have also continued on a pitch produced in run MG-122. Results of heat treating and catalytic treating tests are reported.