Several workers have shown that certain colloidally dispered materials are removed from the blood stream by the liver and spleen. Jones, Wrobel, and Lyons have utilized suspensions of anhydrous chromic phosphate for the selective irradiation of the liver and spleen with p{sup 32} beta particles. Gersh demonstrated that colloidal calcium phosphate is taken up by the liver and spleen. He stressed the failure of bone marrow phagocytes to take up this colloid in rats and dogs (though he referred to possible uptake in the marrow of rabbits under special conditions), and commented on the relative 'refractoriness' in general of the bono marrow as compared with liver and spleen with respect to the uptake of colloidal dyes from the blood stream. Some histological data indicate that 'Thorotrast' (a colloidal thorium dioxide preparation) is deposited in the bone marrow as well as in the liver and spleen, but no quantitative data as to the relative distribution are available. In the preceding communication the methods for the preparation of colloids incorporating radioisotopes of yttrium, columbium, and zirconium were given. The present studies are concerned with the localization of such colloids primarily in the bone marrow or primarily in the spleen and liver, with …

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Isotopes formed in the bombardment of {sub 33}As{sup 75} with 190 Mev deuterons range in atomic number up to 24 (or more) mass units lighter than As{sup 75}. Identification of these isotopes was based on chemical behavior and half-life determination. Relative yields have been calculated and show that 80% of the observed reactions produce isotopes within 8 mass units of As{sup 75}. Three new isotopes have been observed: 9.5 d. Se{sup 72} (K), 44 m, Se{sup 71} ({beta}{sup +}), and 52 m, As{sup 71} ({beta}{sup +}).

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The procedure for estimation of heats of formation of compounds is illustrated by discussion of compounds of several of the elements of the actinide series. The procedure is particularly suited for lanthanide and actinide elements because of the similarity of the ionic radii and types of bonding.

The production of U{sup 232} by the sum of {alpha},4n and {alpha},p 3n reactions on thorium has been studied. The cross section at an average energy of 37.5 Mev was 0.013 barns and the threshold for the reaction was about 30 Mev.

This quarterly report discusses the following topics: (1) the metabolic properties of plutonium and allied materials; (2) biological studies of radiation effects; (3) biological effects of radiation from external and internal zones; and (4) health chemistry.

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The linear accelerator is again in operation after a shutdown fore repairs and minor changes. Radiofrequency checks of the instrument were made while the Van de Graaff was open. The vacuum of the system is now very good, the base pressure being 1.7 x 10{sup -6} mm Hg with a rate of rise of 800 s/{micro}s. Some preliminary results have been obtained on the activation of carbon with protons. The experiments were done using 10 mil, 50 mg/cm{sup 2} polystyrene discs. The activation curve obtained is shown. The break shown in the curve was found on two separate runs and it yet unexplained. In another experiment a proton induced activity in nickel was found. This had a 3.3 second half-life. Positive mesons have been detected on plates exposed in the 184-inch cyclotron with an arrangement shown schematically. The beam ws allowed to strike a 1/16 inch carbon target, and the mesons, which are bent around by the magnetic field, were detected with photographic plaes placed beneath the circulating beam. A series of experiments were done in which the plates were placed at distances varying from 1-1/2 to 3/4 inch from the beam between 1/4 inch plates of copper. The plates …

The theory of high energy nuclear stars depends on a theory of nuclear transparency and on a theory of nuclear evaporation. The transparency can be computed on the basis of a model proposed by R. Serber as soon as the interactions between the nucleons and the incident particle are known. The evaporation can be computed on the basis of the statistical model of the nucleus as soon as the nuclear entropy and binding energies of the evaporated particles are known. With approximate values for the above interactions, entropies, and binding energies, a probability distribution has been computed for the number of prongs per star. The results are in qualitative agreement with the observations on photographic emulsions described in Part 1.

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This report addresses the control servo power requirements.

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This is a progress report from the Brookhaven National Laboratory during the period July 1-December 31, 1948.

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The fission distribution of fission of thorium with alpha particle of average energy 37.5 Mev has been measured by the chemical method. The distribution found shows that the characteristic dip in the fission yield mass spectrum has been raised to within a factor of two of the peaks compared to a factor of 600 in slow neutron fission of U{sup 235}. The raise in the deip has caused a corresponding lowering in fission yield of these elements at the peaks. The cross section for fission of thorium with 37.5 Mev alphas was found to be about 0.6 barn, and the threshold for fission was found to be 23 to 24 Mev.

Much of the cloud chamber work has been directed toward obtaining the angular distribution of protons bombarded by deuterons from the 184-inch cyclotron. The observations have been restricted to those protons arising from neutrons of energy greater than 65 Mev. The cloud chamber used for this work is of 16-inch diruneter and employs a magnetic field of 14000 gauss. The chamber is filled with hydrogen at a pressure of 1/2 atmosphere; the vapor used is water and alchohol. Nearly 800 proton tracks were measured and calculated before analysis of the data indicated that the measuring procedure should be revised. They gave the angular and energy distributions shown in Figures 1 and 2. The discrepencies between the theoretical and experimental energy distribution of the neutrons shows that serious errors were being made. As a first check of possible sources of error, random parts of the data were remeasured. They indicated that errors in the measurements of the angles were being made that gave a mean deviation of about {+-} 2{sup o} in the beam angle and {+-} 4{sup o} in the dip angle. These errors were largest at large scatter angles. In addition, a more serious error occured in the measurements …

The identity and relative yields of about twenty of the radioisotopes produced by the bombardment of natural copper with 190 Mev deuterons and 380 Mev helium ions have been determined. Two previously unreported isotopes were detected: Zn{sup 62}, decaying by orbital electron capture with a 9.5-hour half-life, and Fe{sup 52}, decaying by positron emission with a 7.8-hour half-life.

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This report gives a short summary of the work done in the following fields for the month of January 1948: (1) 184-inch cyclotron; (2) 60-inch cyclotron; (3) synchrotron; (4) linear accelerator; (5) experimental physics; (6) theoretical physics; (7) isotope research; (8) chemistry; (9) medical physics; and (10) health physics and chemistry.

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