The basic physical phenomena associated with geothermal injection are reviewed; problems associated with its numerical simulation are discussed; and the results of some numerical studies are presented. The particular problems chosen for study are: injection of cold water into a thin (single layer) reservoir; a five-spot production/injection configuration in a thin (single layer) reservoir; injection of cold water into a thick (multi-layer) reservoir; and injection of cold water into a one-dimensonal vertical column, representing a cross section of Larderello geothermal reservoir. (MHR)

The simulator SHAFT79 of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory has been applied to field-wide distributed parameter simulation of the vapor-dominated geothermal reservoir at Serrazzano, Italy. Using a three-dimensional geologically accurate mesh and detailed flow rate data from 19 producing wells, a period of 15.5 years (from 1959 to 1975) has been simulated. The reservoir model used is based on field measurements of temperatures and pressures, laboratory data for core samples, and available geological and hydrological information. The main parameters determined (adjusted) during development of the simulation are permeabilities and much of the initial conditions.

Data on the HDN-30 and the Ketjenfine-124 catalysts not previously reported are given. These data show pore properties and reveal that the Ketjenfine catalyst has a most frequent pore diameter at about 50 angstroms and that of the HDN-30 catalyst at about 80 angstroms. A comparative figure revealed that no difference existed in nitrogen removal for over 120 hours of catalyst-oil contact for these two catalysts and for a reactor bed consisting of a 50 volume percent mixture of each. The Catalyst Life Test Unit was modified to improve the feed control. Two high pressure feed tanks were installed which allow improved feed-pump performance while operating with preheated, heavy feedstocks. Analytical methods were developed for the scanning electron microscope and atomic absorption to assess more detailed analysis of catalysts properties and metals content of the oils. One experimental run was conducted using the HDN-30(Ni-Mo-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/) catalyst and a feedstock consisting of 10% (vol) Synthoil II and 90% Raw Anthracene Oil. This experiment was conducted at nominal conditions of 1500 psig, 427 C and with a liquid volume hourly space time of 2.74 hours. The run duration was 103 hours of liquid-catalyst contact. Only partial results were available; all will …

Current United States geological tight sand designations in the Piceance and Uinta Basins' Western Gas Sands Project include the Mesaverde Group, Fort Union and Wasatch Formations. Others, such as the Dakota, Cedar Mountain, Morrison and Mancos may eventually be included. Future production from these formations will probably be closely associated with existing trends. Cumulative gas production through December 1979, of the Mesaverde Group, Fort Union and Wasatch Formations in the Piceance and Uinta Basins is less than 275 billion cubic feet. This contrasts dramatically with potential gas in place estimates of 360 trillion cubic feet. If the geology can be fully understood and engineering problems surmounted, significant potential reserves can be exploited.

The validation of the physical submodels of three solar-electric utility interface models is described. The validation problem is divided into two components, the accuracy of the submodels themselves and the accuracy of the data typically used to run these models. The data set required to study these problems with respect to utility requirements is discussed and its collection in the Philadelphia Metropolitan area described. The instrumentation employed in the gathering of the data is covered. Error statistics of data and submodel accuracy are presented and the current status of the study is presented.

During the year, design, construction and installation of all project equipment was completed, and continuous steam injection began on September 18, 1979 and continued until February 29, 1980. In the five-month period of steam injection, 235,060 barrels of water as steam at an average wellhead pressure of 1199 psig and an average wellhead temperature of 456/sup 0/F were injected into the eight project injection wells. Operation of the project at design temperature and pressure (1000/sup 0/F and 1500 psig) was not possible due to continuing problems with surface equipment. Environmental monitoring at the project site continued during startup and operation.

The corrosion rate and corrosion attack characteristics were determined for thirteen commercially available materials exposed in a geothermal production well for three months. The materials included carbon steels, Cr-Mo alloy steels, martensitic and ferritic stainless steels, high-nickel alloys, and titanium. The environment at the 1800 ft (600 m) depth of exposure was a single phase high salinity brine. The prevailing temperature was 260{sup 0}C and the prevailing pressure was 630 psi (4.0 MPa) during the exposure period. Results indicated that the carbon steels suffered intense generalized and localized corrosion. Addition of Cr and Mo to steels imparted significant improvement in the corrosion performance in this aggressive environment. Of the stainless steels tested, the most resistant were those containing a few percent molybdenum.

Considering the high temperature, low O/sub 2/, high C environment of operation in the Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) Systems, the utilization of coatings is envisaged to hold potential for extending component lifetimes through the formation of stable and continuous oxide films with enhanced resistance to C diffusion. A survey of the current state of technology for high temperature coatings has been performed. The usefulness of these coatings on the Mo, Ni, and Fe base alloys is discussed. Specifically, no coating substitute was identified for TZM other than the well known W-3 (pack silicide) and Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ forming coatings were recommended for the Fe and Ni base structural materials. Recommendations as to coating types and processng have been made based on the predicted VHTR component size, shape, base metal and operational environment. Four tests designed to evaluate the effects of selected combinations of coatings and substrate matrices are recommended for consideration.

An effective stimulation treatment requires the interaction of four separate items: frac fluids, proppants, equipment, and planned and properly engineered schedules. While there are good fluid systems and proppants, only judicious combinations and a well thought out schedule which uses all of these materials and available equipment to best advantage is an optimum stimulation treatment. Generally, high flow rates and convective cooling can be used either with conventional (planar) fracturing or with a dendritic fracturing technique. Many of todays fluid systems have been tested to above 400/sup 0/F. Some fluids have survived quite well. Current tests on proppants have shown temperature sensitivities in sand; however, there are resin coated materials and sintered bauxite which are not temperature sensitive. (MHR)

Mark 16 U-A1 alloy production fuel tubes and six special U{sub 3}O{sub 8}-A1 powder metallurgy (PM) test assemblies were successfully irradiated in P-7 reactor charge beginning December 1976. A year after irradiation, the outer surfaces were inspected under water in P-Area basin. Inspection showed that a black'' oxide had formed on the bottom {sup {approximately}}2/3 and flaked off in some areas for both the production and PM tubes. A small cladding defect was also observed on one PM outer tube near the bottom. Sections were cut from the tubes and metallographically examined in the SRL High Level Caves (HLC). This report gives results of the examinations. 8 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.

The proposed action involves the development of geothermal wells to provide hot water and heat for five users in Reno, Nevada. Data from nearby wells indicate the sufficient hot water is available from the Moana Known Geothermal Resource Area for this action. Construction activities have been planned to minimize or eliminate problems with noise, runoff, and disturbance of biota as well as other potential environmental effects. Disposal of the geothermal fluids via surface water or injection will be determined based on water quality of the geothermal fluids and geologic effects of injection. The affected environment is described by this document and needed mitigation procedures discussed.

A cylindrical Fresnel-type lens has been designed and ray traced that focuses approximately to lines over a 60/sup 0/ elevation angle interval. Forty stepped prism facets are configured on the inside surface of the lens, and the lens outer surface can be well approximated by a smooth circular arc. Especially contoured cylindrical subreflectors are described for concentrating the broad image fields of the lens onto a narrow fixed shelf. These image collapsing subreflectors also compensate for focal shortening with azimuth angle incidence variations over nearly a +-60/sup 0/ sector. Ray tracing on the lens and subreflector provide approximate energy distributions on the absorber shelf over the large acceptance angle intervals. The expected performance characteristics of a solar concentrator using the curved lens with facets on the inside surface are compared with a concentrator employing a straight stepped prism lens with facets cut on the outer lens surface.

This paper discusses the basis of a design for real time special nuclear material (SNM) loss detectors. The design utilizes process measurements and signal processing techniques to produce a timely estimate of material loss. A state estimator is employed as the primary signal processing algorithm. Material loss is indicated by changes in the states or process innovations (residuals). The design philosophy is discussed in the context of these changes.

We have studied actinide burn-up in ICF reactor pellets; i.e., 14 MeV neutron fission of the very long-lived actinides that pose storage problems. A major advantage of pellet fuel region burn-up is safety: only milligrams of highly toxic and active material need to be present in the fusion chamber, whereas blanket burn-up requires the continued presence of tons of actinides in a small volume. The actinide data tables required for Monte Carlo calculations of the burn-up of /sup 241/Am and /sup 243/Am are discussed in connection with a study of the sensitivity to cross section uncertainties. More accurate and complete cross sections are required for realistic quantitative calculations.

The primary objective of this contract is to generate User's Guides for several University of Houston developed codes relating to the performance and optimization of solar power tower or solar central receiver systems. Although certain planned generalizations of the codes for a user's version have been delayed until the second quarter, an acceptable outline of the User's Guide has been produced, and documentation is underway. During the second quarter a draft of this user's guide will be prepared, the code generalizations carried to a logical conclusion and preliminary steps in documenting other components of our code library initiated.

The LLL safeguards research program includes inspection methods, facility assessment methodologies, value-impact analysis, vulnerability analysis of accounting systems, compliance with regulations, process monitoring, etc. Each of those projects is described as are their goals and progress. (DLC)

Structures appearing in various experimental data (particularly those with polarized beams) in nucleon-nucleon systems are reviewed. A number of candidates are presented for dibaryon resonances which can couple to nucleon-nucleon systems.

This report documents an application of the FRAMIS relational data base management system. A geochemical data base of ion exchange distribution coefficients (K/sub D/) is created and maintained by using very simple commands. Reports are automatically generated. Familiarity with the LLL Octopus Time-Sharing System and FRAMIS is assumed.

This statement presented to the Subcommittee on Natural Resources of the US House of Representatives gives a definition of acid rain, presents new data on the regional and temporal nature of the problem, and discusses research needs. (ACR)

The objectives of this program were: (1) to investigate the pertinent properties of a variety of possible sealants for solar collectors and identify the most promising candidates, and (2) to study the effect of breathing in flat-plate, thermal solar collector units. The study involved two types of sealants, Class PS which includes preformed seals or gaskets and Class SC which includes sealing compounds or caulks. It was the intent of the study to obtain data regarding initial properties of candidate elastomers from manufacturers and from the technical literature and to use those sources to provide data pertaining to endurance of these materials under environmental service conditions. Where necessary, these data were augmented by experimental measurements. Environmental stresses evaluated by these measurements included elevated temperatures, moisture, ultraviolet light, ozone and oxygen, and fungus. The second major area of the work involved a study of the effects of materials used and design on the durability of solar collectors. Factors such as design, fabrication, materials of construction, seals and sealing techniques and absorber plate coatings were observed on actual field units removed from service. Such phenomena as leakage, corrosion and formation of deposits on glazing and absorber plate were noted. An evaluation of …

The water rights of the five Pacific states - California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii - and their possible impacts on geothermal development are discussed. (MHR)

Extensive Monte-Carlo calculations were performed of alpha-particle deposition in the Hill's Vortex configuration, as reported in D.E. Driemeyer's Ph.D. Thesis (University of Illinois, 1980). This has generally been done including a cold plasma density, n/sub c/, on the open field lines, with n/sub C//T/sub C//sup 3/2/ approx. = n/sub H//T/sub H//sup 3/2/ - i.e. with the slowing down ratio tau/sub H//tau/sub C/ lying between .1 and 10. Since many of the alpha particles spend a significant amount of their time on the open field lines, values of tau/sub H//tau/sub C/ greater than unity lead to significant removal of alpha-particle ash from the closed-field region. Surprisingly, one is able to perform this ash removal and still retain enough energy to raise the reactor Q significantly (or even ignite it).

A listing of environmental surveillance sampling endeavors for the years 1978 and 1979 is given in which sampling media, i.e., ambient air, stack effluent air, water, and soil are considered. Sampling locations, frequency of sampling, parameters analyzed, and control limits also are given. The objectives of the sampling are considered in defining the program.

The current legislative activity covers the following: federal funds, state financial incentives, air quality bills, transmission line access, state energy agency reorganization, and state energy taxes. Current regulatory activities of the California Energy Commission, and the Lake County Air Pollution Control District are reviewed. (MHR)