This study examines and analyzes several classes of incidents in which decision makers are confronted with adversaries. The classes are analogous to adversaries in a material control system in a nuclear facility. Both internal threats (bank frauds and embezzlements) and external threats (aircraft hijackings and hostage-type terrorist events were analyzed. (DLC)

An analysis was made of the potential usefulness of land-use-related data, the availability of relevant information in the literature, and potential approaches for data collection. This volume describes the results of the analysis, while Volume II contains technical backup materials. Chapter 2 discusses the issue of community classification: questions of classification and aggregation have been the most significant technical issues faced on the project, since they strongly affect the accuracy and usefulness of any data that are developed. Chapter 3 is concerned with consistency of accounting, primarily in the measurement of energy use. Transportation patterns, energy-transmission losses, and energy embodied in materials and structure can all be assigned to various land uses in a number of ways, and it is important to perform the assignment in a way that is valuable for the policies being evaluated. Thus, Chapter 3 forms the structure for the dependent variables of the system: the various types and patterns of energy use, while Chapter 2 describes the structure of the independent variables, which are the land-use patterns described, plus other factors such as climate. Chapter 4 takes these two structures and presents computations of energy use for the various patterns of land uses, based on …

The retrospective evaluation methodology is being developed to monitor progress in energy conservation projects and to evaluate their success at completion. The criteria for evaluation will vary according to the project, the anticipated role that the federal government expects to play in development and commercialization, and the level of technology development. Evaluation guidelines are presented and their application is illustrated using a residential water heater refit kit; energy conservation in restaurants; and a national infrared thermography program. (MCW)

The retrospective evaluation methodology, designed to measure the accomplishments of the Buildings and Community Systems projects that are either on-going or completed, is described. The Threshold Screening system and risk analysis methodologies are briefly described. The result of the addition of the retrospective (in-process) evaluation methodology to the threshold/risk analysis and resource allocation methodology is one system by which a project can be screened when it is proposed, monitored in its development, and evaluated at its completion. This report describes the methodology at this early point in its development.

A key element of the National Energy Plan is the conversion of industrial boiler fuels from natural gas and oil to coal. But widespread conversion to coal is not taking place in the industrial sector. This study identifies the important factors that restrict the acceptance of coal in industry and examines some alternatives to conventional on-site combustion. An analysis of the economic and environmental barriers is made along with a discussion of financial and logistical constraints. The results indicate that the lack of substantial economic incentives, increased risks due to intensified capital requirements, and the absence of a clear environmental policy make coal a poor choice for most of industry. The proposed tax provisions of the National Energy Plan would improve the economic incentives to convert to coal, but for most industrial energy users the incentives will still be too small and the risks too large. Alternatives to conventional on-site facilities considered are central community steam generation and an area coal terminal. These concepts appear promising for some regions of the country.

The results of threshold evaluations performed on several INDUS technologies which were competed with other new and conventional industrial technologies in the Industrial Sector Technology Use Model (ISTUM) developed by EEA are summarized. The ISTUM model is briefly described and includes the input technology categories and service sectors treated in the model, and the solution technique used. The input data specifications are summaried for the Industry Conservation Technologies run in the ISTUM base case. Included are listings of the technologies run in ISTUM, those not run in ISTUM, and a discussion of the absence of a retrofit algorithm in ISTUM and its resulting impact on conservation technologies. Also included is a discussion of the capital cost variability, maximum market fraction, size and load factors and data quality specifications for the conservation technologies in ISTUM. The results of the ISTUM base case run are presented, describing the important limitations and constraints of the base case run, the key assumptions inherent in the base case, and the summarized results of energy savings by year for different generic technology types. The technology characterization data developed for each INDUS technology run in the ISTUM base case are discussed in detail. The descriptions include the …

A nondestructive technique, using penetrating x radiation, has been developed to measure the density uniformity of low-Z, compressible materials that is independent of material thickness. Thickness independence is achieved by simultaneously monitoring the transmitted and scattered x rays. Results on samples of pressed carbon materials have demonstrated that there is the expected linear relationship between measured quantities and material density, independent of material thickness, and that this is a viable means of measuring density uniformity.

Important advances have been made in five technical areas during this quarter: topological investigations of film materials and cells, characterization of current transport and collection in Cu/sub 2/S/CdS cells, preparation and application of small area film cells, correlation of photoresponse image and structural features in film cells and means of preparing (CdZn)S alloy films. The use of potassium cyanide etching of Cu/sub 2/S layers on polycrystalline CdS films defined areas 1 to 5 ..mu..m across with the latter covering 30 to 50% of the surfaces studied. Large grains may strongly reduce short circuit current levels. Laser scanned photocurrent response of tapered Cu/sub 2/S layers on single crystal CdS has been refined to directly treat photocurrent-transmission data, allowing more firm estimates of lifetime, surface recombination velocity and heterojunction collection efficiency. Delineation of small area film cells has been done successfully using photolithographic methods. As used, these methods have no deleterious influence on cell behavior. With arrays of small cells on a single substrate it was possible to establish that increased junction opposing current (lower V/sub OC/) results from longer immersions in CuCl during Cu/sub 2/S formation. Patterns of high response in laser-scanned photocurrent images have been correlated with SEM images of …

The limits of blade tolerances are defined. The standard blades are T-2 thickness tolerance: T-O blades are unacceptable. Further testing is necessary to demonstrate feasibility or infeasibility of T-1 blades. Good results have been obtained by using a slurry fluid consisting of mineral oil and a lubricity additive. Cost would be about $0.25 per gallon per run, 1/4 of the cost goal. Adjustments of the formulation and fine tuning of the cutting process with the new fluid are necessary. Test results and consultation indicate that the blade breakage encountered with water based slurries is unavoidable. Two full capacity (974 wafer) runs have been made on the large prototype saw. Both runs resulted in extremely low yield, however, the reasons for the low yields were lack of proper technique rather than problems with machine function. Finally, the tests on the effect of amount of material etched off of an as-sawn wafer on solar cell efficiency have been completed. The results agree with previous work at JPL in that the minimum material removed per side that gives maximum efficiency is on the order of 10 ..mu..m.

A major milestone was completed in the Oceans Engineering area with the successful deployment of the Test Farm. All systems were installed by 29 September 1978, and a detailed systems checkout is now underway prior to a full start-up of the Test Farm. Compatibility of the Test Farm with the planned transport and attachment procedures of the Macrocystis pyrifera plants has been completed and planting will begin on the full structure during the month of October. Success was also achieved in the Inoculum Development phase of the program with the production of two methane enrichments, one grown on an acetate medium and the other on a mixed acid substrate. These will be used in future mixed inoculum digester studies as an attempt to significantly decrease detention time.

Infrared nondestructive testing (NDT) methods are described that have a good potential for providing valuable data concerning solar cell or panel characteristics without requiring contact with the photovoltaic device. Preliminary tests with cells and panels were conducted and the infrared NDT results are presented and discussed. (MHR)

All the data reported previously have been reevaluated to determine the quantitative reaction network for dibenzothiophene hydrodesulfurization at about 100 atm and 300/sup 0/C. This network shows the high selectivity of the catalyst for simple hydrodesulfurization (biphenyl + H/sub 2/S formation). When methyl groups are present in the 4 and 6 positions of dibenzothiophene, the primary hydrogenation reaction is approximately as fast as the primary hydrodesulfurization reaction. Ni and Mo or Ni and W used instead of Co and Mo in the catalyst, or H/sub 2/S in the reactant mixture, also favor hydrogenation relative to hydrodesulfurization. Previous results have been evaluated in light of the recent literature to provide a new interpretation of the reaction mechanism of catalytic hydrodesulfurization on surfaces of sulfided Co-Mo/Al/sub 2/0/sub 3/. It has often been assumed that catalytic hydrodesulfurization of thiophene and related compounds proceeds via a one-point end-on adsorption involving bonding of the sulfur atom with Mo ions at an anion vacancy on the catalyst surface. This interpretation is inadequate, failing to account for deuterium-exchange results, the reactivities of benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene, and the small steric effects of methyl substituents affecting the adsorption and reaction of compounds in the thiophene, benzothiophene, and dibenzothiophene families …

Progress in the development of LMFBR breeding blanket design parameters is reported under the following headings: an improved Dancoff factor prescription and breed/burn blanket management.

The status of negative ion based neutral beam systems is reviewed. Methods of generating the negative ions of the hydrogen isotopes and the handling and acceleration of these ions are considered. The status of plans for stripping the ions and for constructing beam systems are included.

Several tasks are to be undertaken in this study which, when combined, have the end objective of defining the leak rates of plutonium oxide powder from characterized leaks.

The hydrothermal stability of high-level nuclear wastes is an important consideration in establishing waste form acceptance criteria for a geological repository in basalt. A detailed examination of the stability of a typical simulated high-level waste glass and pressurized water at 300/sup 0/C in a closed system has shown that extensive reaction occurred within a few weeks. The water acted first as a catalyst-solvent in devitrification of the glass and in dissolution, transport, and recrystallization of some of its constituents, and, second, as a reactant in forming hydrated and hydroxylated phases. This reaction with water resulted in the conversion of a solid shard of glass into a fragmented and partially dispersed mass of crystalline and noncrystalline material plus dissolved species within two weeks. The major crystalline reaction products were found to be analogs of naturally occurring minerals: (Cs,Na,Rb)/sub 2/(UO/sub 2/)/sub 2/.(Si/sub 2/O/sub 5/)/sub 3/.4H/sub 2/O (weeksite) and a series of pyroxene-structure phases, (Na,Ca) (Fe,Zn,Ti)Si/sub 2/O/sub 6/ (acmite, acmite--augites). Weeksite, however, is not expected to have long-term stability in the basalt environment. Much of the Na and Mo, and almost all of the B, in the original glass was identified in the product solutions. Of the elements or analogs of long-lived, hazardous …

Fluidized bed incineration and waste immobilization processes are being developed to process the types of waste expected from nuclear facilities. An air classification system has been developed to separate tramp metal from shredded combustible solid waste prior to the waste being fed to a fluidized-bed pilot-plant incinerator. Used organic ion exchange resin with up to 55 percent water has been effectively burned in the fluidized bed incinerator. Various methods of feeding waste into the incinerator were investigated as alternatives to the present compression screw; an extrusion ram was found to suffer extensive damage from hard particles in tested waste. A bench-scale continuous waste immobilization process has been operated and has produced glass from incinerator residue and other types of waste materials.

The air in certain work areas at the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant is monitored for selected radionuclides to assure safety from toxic effects to personnel in the area. Some of the radionuclides that are determined are shown with their Radiation Protection Standard (RPS) values by means of a table. The RPS is the maximum average airborne contamination to which personnel may be exposed for one week without respiratory protection and is expressed as disintegrations per minute (dpm) per cubic meter (m/sup 3/) of air. It is desirable to make reliable measurements at a level which is 10% of the RPS to ensure that the detection limits are well below the RPS. Thorium, neptunium, plutonium, and uranium all have alpha emitting isotopes and it is their alpha activity which is measured. Results are tabulated.

The neutron-induced fission cross section for /sup 242m/Am(152y) was measured at the Livermore 100-MeV electron linac in the neutron energy range of 0.01 eV to 20 MeV. Fission fragments were detected using a hemispherical fission chamber. The neutron flux was measured below 10 keV using lithium glass scintillators. Above 10 keV, the /sup 242m/Am fission cross section was measured relative to the /sup 235/U fission cross section. Below 20 eV, the data were fit with a sum of single-level Breit-Wigner resonances. Results for the distribution of fission widths, the average fission width, and the average level spacing are presented. The fission cross section in the 100 MeV range is compared with previous measurements. 11 references.

The Geothermal Development Program at Lawrence Livermore Lboratory has produced several novel expanders for liquids of low to medium temperatures (approx. 180/sup 0/C). A unique radial outflow reaction turbine (RORT) has been developed and laboratory-tested; results indicate that 50% engine efficiency is achievable. This work has led to a new concept called the velocity pump reaction turbine (VPRT), which could significantly increase the gross engine efficiency of the RORT, VPRT and its modifications are a unique family of turbines created specifically for expanding liquids to produce shaft work at potential engine efficiencies of up to 70%. Such devices, if used between the two separation stages of a double-flash system, could increase the overall power output by 15 to 20%, reducing power costs by at least 10% for about a 3% increase in capital costs. Geothermal applications are discussed with emphasis on geopressured resources. Also, these machines are suitable for utilizing solar heated fluids and waste heat sources from industrial processes.

CCTV-MTI (closed circuit television--moving target indicator) monitors represent typical components of access control systems, as for example in a material control and accounting (MC and A) safeguards system. This report describes a performance model for a CCTV-MTI monitor. The performance of a human in an MTI role is a separate problem and is not addressed here. This work was done in conjunction with the NRC sponsored LLL assessment procedure for MC and A systems which is presently under development. We develop a noise model for a generic camera system and a model for the detection mechanism for a postulated MTI design. These models are then translated into an overall performance model. Measures of performance are probabilities of detection and false alarm as a function of intruder-induced grey level changes in the protected area. Sensor responsivity, lens F-number, source illumination and spectral response were treated as design parameters. Some specific results are illustrated for a postulated design employing a camera with a Si-target vidicon. Reflectance or light level changes in excess of 10% due to an intruder will be detected with a very high probability for the portion of the visible spectrum with wavelengths above 500 nm. The resulting false alarm …

Core samples of coal and rock were obtained from the HQ-1 environmental test well at the Pricetown I, Underground Coal Gasification Test Site. A comprehensive analytical program was performed to characterize the coal samples. The rocks associated with the coals are composed of clay size material containing low amounts of organic matter and hydrocarbon gas relative to the coal seams. The fine grained sediment above and below the coal seams appear to be an effective gas seal. The coals were encountered in two intervals of 1 foot and 6 feet thickness separated by 2 feet of shale. The coals are classified as high volatile A or B bituminous based on vitrinite reflectance, fixed carbon, and calorific value. Coal maceral analysis shows that the coal is heterogeneous in petrographic properties. The vitrinite group is the predominant maceral constituent. Fusinite, semi-fusinite, massive micrinite, and sporinite are present in varying amounts. The distribution of porous fusinite layers within the coal seams may be important in the reverse linkage stage of the gasification process. The coal in the bottom seam contains an average of 45.6 standard cubic feet of free methane per ton of coal. This methane may assist in initiating the gasification process. …

Using surface traces, scanning electron microscopy, and light microscopy, Ti-, Co-, Ni-, and Fe-base alloys were evaluated for erosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) after exposure at about 104{sup 0}C to the nozzle exhaust from acidified geothermal brine. Examples of erosion, SCC, and corrosion are shown. Results are evaluated in terms of synergism between erosion, corrosion, and stress. Repassivation kinetics might play a key role in the formation and growth of erosion cavities. Of the materials tested, the Ti-base alloys appear to have the best combination of resistance to SCC and erosion/corrosion in high-salinity, highly mineralized, acidified, two-phase nozzle exhaust.

We discuss the statics and dynamics of large scale nuclear collective motion, with special emphasis on very-heavy-ion reactions. Compound-nucleus cross sections are calculated by use of the criterion that the dynamical trajectory for the fusing system must pass inside the fission saddle point in a multidimensional space in order to form a compound nucleus. In an effort to understand whether nuclear dissipation is dominated by two-body collisions or by the interaction of particles with the mean field generated by the remaining particles, we compare the predictions of various macroscopic approaches with those of time-dependent mean-field (Hartree-Fock) theories.