Short term objectives for well-logging instrumentation are circuits which can operate at temperatures in the range 275/sup 0/C to 350/sup 0/C; the medium term goal is operation up to 500/sup 0/C, and the long term goal is to achieve operation at 1000/sup 0/C. It is apparent that useful electronic circuits will require the combination of both passive components and active devices. In order to meet the compatibility requirements, the basic technology which has been selected in this project is the chemical vapor deposition of metal interconnections, resistor material, dielectric material and passivating material. It is to be emphasized that this is a thin-film, not thick-film, technology which is compatible with the processing methods used in fabricating either semiconductor or integrated thermionic devices, and produces components which are electrically compatible with those devices. The investigation in this project is primarily directed toward tungsten metallization, tungsten-silicon resistors, and silicon nitride dielectric and passivation.

Several general approaches to remote servicing are briefly described for the LLL Field Reversed Mirror and Tandem Mirror Fusion reactors. Remote servicing system design considerations for the blanket module are briefly discussed. (RME)

Research progress is reported on the development of passive components, resistors, capacitors, metallization, and passivation, that will withstand well logging temperatures to 500/sup 0/C and have extremely low temperature coefficients. The lower the temperature coefficients, the more exacting the instrumentation designs can be without elaborate compensation techniques. The method of fabricating the thin film components is that of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) which is a major deviation from the standard approach. The films are grown in a CVD reactor by passing various reactant gases over a heated substrate. The reactor was modified in order to accommodate the gases needed in the deposition of metals. The reactor can be operated over a temperature range of 400/sup 0/C to greater than 1200/sup 0/C, and at any pressure between atmospheric and 1 x 10/sup -3/ torr. Tungsten, tungsten-silicon, and silicon nitride were successfully deposited on oxidized silicon wafers. The tungsten is used for interconnects and capacitor plates, tungsten-silicon is used as a high resistivity material for resistors, and silicon nitride is used as a dielectric for the capacitors and as a passivation layer. The materials are currently being studied in terms of their deposition parameters and electrical characteristics.

A convenient method for determining the elastic constants of materials has been devised using the energy from a Q-switched neodymium-glass laser. Stress waves are induced in materials having circular rod or rectangular bar geometries by the absorption of energy from the laser. The wave transit times through the material are recorded with a piezoelectric transducer. Both dilatation and shear wave velocities are determined in a single test using an ultrasonic technique and these velocities are used to calculate the elastic constants of the material. A comparison of the constants determined for ten common engineering materials using this method is made with constants derived using the conventional ultrasonic pulse technique and agreement is shown to be about one percent in most cases. Effects of material geometry are discussed and surface damage to the material caused by laser energy absorption is shown.

Work done on the Lithium--Water--Air Battery Research Program in the work period August through November, 1977, is summarized. A prototype single-cell fuel cell was developed. The single galvanic cell consists of two 30-cm square aluminum plates separated by a two-faced air cathode mockup. The purposes of the model are to determine ease and cost of electrode servicing and weight and manufacturing cost of the hardware. Projections of fuel cell performance and cost were made, based on the prototype cell and the performance of cells of similar anode--cathode spacing produced by Lockheed Missiles and Space Company. Performance is a strong function of the weight of water carried in the fuel cell, as water is the limiting reactant when sufficient aluminum is carried for a vehicle range of 1600 km. Research concerning the electrochemistry of calcium in aqueous chloride--hydroxide electrolytes is summarized with reference to a recent presentation of the work at the Fall Meeting of the Electrochemical Society. Polarization curves were obtained for the aluminum alloy used by Lockheed in fuel cell research. The experimental data agree closely with Lockheed's published results. 9 figures, 1 table.

A method permitting the calculation of inclusive and semi-inclusive cross sections at high energies starting from an arbitrary field theory was worked out. The method relies on a functional integral representation of the generating functional of inclusive cross sections and on the use of semiclassical methods. The inclusive cross section is proportional to the absolute square of the Fourier transform of a special soliton solution of the classical field equations in zeroth order semi-classical approximation. A conserved topological quantum number that has a nonzero value for the soliton solution was found. Future research to be performed in this field under the contract is described including applications to various field theories and the exploration of connections with Reggeon field theory.

An anion exchange process was developed to process miscellaneous residues of plutonium plus 0.5 wt % neptunium to allow prompt return of the plutonium to a plutonium recovery process. Several macroreticular anion exchange resins were compared to Dowex 1-X4 for the process. Dowex 1-X4 showed the best performance for the plutonium (III)-neptunium(IV) separation.

The spacial profile of a bunched or unbunched proton beam may be found by using a highly collimated molecular beam of N/sub 2/. A certain fraction of the molecular N/sub 2/ will be ionized as it crosses the proton beam. By measuring the N/sub 2//sup +/ current as a function of theta the cross section of the beam is directly obtained. As an example, a 10 A proton beam of diameter 1 mm is considered.

The Mirror Fusion Test Facility (MFTF) may be upgraded by extending the time of plasma sustenance in an approach to steady-state operation and/or by increasing the neutral-beam injection energy. Some parameter bounds for these upgrades are discussed as they relate to a definition of the required neutral-beam development.

A computer program has been developed to facilitate the evaluation of the Rocky Flats Emergency Dosimetry System. This program evaluates data to determine the neutron fluence associated with a criticality accident. It is necessary to obtain information about the critical system for personnel dose estimates. Information pertaining to the geometry and position of the critical material and orientation of personnel, with respect to the material, is essential to supplement the calculations contained in this program.

This report documents the tests conducted to find a reliable surface preparation method of treating the CRBRP dip seal blade (SA508 Class 2 steel) to insure its sodium wettability at 450F or less. Two techniques were established which depressed the sodium wetting temperature of SA 508, Class 2 dip seal blade material to 375F. These techniques were depositing an approx. 60 x 10/sup -6/ inch layer of tin on the blade surface by a brush-on plating process, and, by cleaning the blade surface with ultrasonics while it is immersed in sodium. The tin plating technique is recommended as the initial and primary surface preparation method and ultrasonics as a rewetting and backup technique. This work was conducted in support of the Sodium Dip Seal Feature Test, DRS 32.05.

The formation of negative ions by hydrogen collisions on cesium-coated surfaces is discussed in the limiting cases where the resident cesium is either in the purely ionic state or in the purely atomic state. The survival fraction for negative ions moving away from a metal surface is calculated using a method employing complex eigenvalues. The fraction of surviving ions is found to be larger than calculated by previous workers. The secondary emission coefficient for negative ion production by incident atoms with energies of ten to one hundred electron volts is estimated to be in the range thirty to fifty percent. The secondary emission coefficient is found to be a sensitive function of the thickness of the alkali adsorbate coating for ion energies in the range below a few hundred electron volts.

This report, based on first-quarter 1977 dollars, is an update of costs presented in ORNL/TM-5070 (Rev.), which gave cost estimates for desalting seawater and brackish waters based on first-quarter 1975 financial parameters. Cost estimates are given for desalting seawater by distillation and reverse osmosis and for brackish waters using reverse osmosis and electrodialysis. Cost data were computed as a function of plant size and energy cost. The cost of generating steam and electrical energy on-site using coal-fired boilers as well as oil-fired boilers and dual-purpose electric/seawater distillation plants is included. While the costs of energy, equipment and labor have continued to rise, they have increased at a relatively modest rate compared with the two years prior to 1975. On an average, the cost of desalting seawater by distillation has increased approximately 15%. Costs for desalting brackish waters by the membrance processes have increased about 7%.

In multiwire proportional chambers used with honeycomb lead converters for detecting 511 KeV ..gamma.. rays from positron annihilation, a source of image blurring is generated by multiple interaction events due to the escape photoelectric x-ray or from the Compton scattered photon. Using the delay line readout method the majority of these double events are eliminated by using the fact that the sum of the time intervals from the prompt anode signal to the signal arrival at each end of the delay line is a constant to within the timing accuracy for a single interaction. Double interaction events produce a time sum which is shorter. Good improvement in image quality is obtained. The observed number of multiple events is larger than calculations would predict.

Preliminary experiments indicate that a hollow cathode, made from impregnated tungsten emitters, can be adapted for the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL)/Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) ion source. Such cathodes could be the basis of a long life, continuously operated positive-ion source.

The normal operating pressure for the inner and outer Railroad Door Seals is 90 psig. The instrumentation which monitors this pressure does not provide assurance that the 90 psig can be maintained during reactor operations. A decrease in pressure is detected by a low level pressure alarm set to alarm at 88 psig. When another 8 psig is allowed for the instrument error of this alarm and the operating band during the leak test, the minimum pressure maintained in the seals is reduced to 80 psig. 80 psig, therefore, is the pressure that the LOFT Technical Specifications have committed to maintain.

Papers are presented on research programs concerned with underground storage of radioactive wastes. A separate abstract was prepared for each of twenty-three papers. (JRD)

Double shell targets for use with 0.2-1.0 ..mu.. lasers are discussed. With 0.2 ..mu.. light, such designs achieve 500-1000 times liquid density at 2 KJ, 10% or more of breakeven at 15 KJ, gains of 10 or more at 200 KJ and a gain of 1000 for lasers of 1 to 10 megajoules.

None

The Safety Analysis Report (SAR) evaluates the use of H-451 graphite in future reload segments for the Fort St. Vrain (FSV) Nuclear Generating Station. It is proposed to replace the reference core H-327 graphite fuel and replaceable reflector elements with H-451 graphite elements as each segment is reloaded. The report presents the pertinent properties of the H-451 graphite material, the operational behavior of the H-451 graphite elements, and the effect on postulated accidents described in the FSV Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR).

Double shell targets may have decisive advantages over single shells for achieving a number of goals in the laser fusion program. With 0.2 ..mu.. light, such designs achieve 500 to 1000 times liquid density at 2 kJ absorbed; 10 percent or more of breakeven at 15 kJ absorbed, and gains of 10 or more at 200 kJ absorbed. These targets are relatively insensitive to preheat, laser pulse shape, and hydrodynamic instability. A double shell in which the outer pusher is fuel may achieve a gain of 1000 for lasers in the 1 to 10 megajoule size. Ultra thin targets have only about a factor of two reduction in power shells with aspect ratios of 2 to 4 while requiring about the same input energy and achieving about the same gain. Their extreme sensitivity to preheat, symmetry, and hydrodynamic instability makes them unattractive for targets in advanced lasers systems.

The effects of tornadoes on buildings are examined to determine the wind forces on structures. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has developed guidelines for building code requirements for the minimum wind loads a building must be designed to withstand. The conservatism or nonconservatism on the ANSI approach is evaluated by simulating tornado-structure interaction numerically with a two-dimensional fluid dynamics computer code and a vortex model. Only external pressures are considered. The computer calculations yield the following percentages of the ANSI design pressures: rigid frame, 50 to 90%; individual wall panels, 75 to 200%; and wall corners, 50 to 75%.

For high power fusion applications, a circular accelerator for heavy ions is not likely to be competitive with a linear accelerator. This is principally because one requires rather high accelerator efficiencies, and quite large average power. Efficiencies greater than or equal to 10 percent, and perhaps 30 and 50 MW of average beam power are needed. On the other hand, the linear accelerator can be built to satisfy these constraints, and in addition, it is ideally suited for multi-turn injection. A difficulty with multi-turn injection is that in typical application it is rather lossy. With care, and sufficient phase space dilution, one might hope to obtain greater than or equal to 90 percent injection efficiency, but even at these levels the large amount of beam power lost in the accumulator might have serious consequences for the machine operation. Therefore, it is desirable to be able to use ''box car'' stacking, which is essentially 100 percent without particle loss. A method of operating the linear accelerator so that the output beam is of suitable instantaneous current to permit box-car stacking with the linac output is proposed.

This compilation lists abstracts of papers, internal reports, and talks presented during 1976 at national and international meetings by members of the Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. Subjects include: coal gasification, gas stimulation, geothermal fields, oil shale retorting, radioactive waste management, geochemistry, geophysics, seismology, explosive phenomenology, and miscellaneous studies.