The cable is the heart of superconducting accelerator magnets. Since the initial development of the Rutherford cable, more than twenty years ago, many improvements in manufacturing techniques have increased the current carrying capacity. An experimental cabling machine was designed and constructed at LBL in 1984.

These proceedings are the result of our collective effort to meet that challenge. They reflect the dedication and commitment of many people in government, academia, the private sector and national laboratories to finding practical solutions to one of the most pressing problems of our time -- how to deal effectively with the growing waste s that is the product of our affluent industrial society. The Conference was successful in providing a clear picture of the scope of the problem and of the great potential that recycling holds for enhancing economic development while at the same time, having a significant positive impact on the waste management problem. That success was due in large measure to the enthusiastic response of our panelists to our invitation to participate and share their expertise with us.

The current shortage of {sup 18}O has revived interest in using one step UV photodissociation of formaldehyde to enrich {sup 13}C, {sup 17}O and {sup 18}O. The frequency doubled output of the copper laser pumped dye laser system currently in operation at LLNL can be used to drive this dissociation. The authors use a simple kinetics model and their experience with Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation (AVLIS) process design to examine the relative merits of different designs for a formaldehyde photodissociation process. Given values for the molecular photoabsorption cross section, partition function, spectroscopic selectivity, collisional exchange and quenching cross sections (all as parameters), they perform a partial optimization in the space of illuminated area, formaldehyde pressure in each stage, and formaldehyde residence time in each stage. They examine the effect of cascade design (heads and tails staging) on molecule and photon utilization for each of the three isotope separation missions, and look in one case at the system`s response to different ratios of laser to formaldehyde costs. Finally, they examine the relative cost of enrichment as a function of isotope and product assay. Emphasis is as much on the process design methodology, which is general, as on the specific application …

The US Department of Energy is sponsoring a research and demonstration program on the Nevada Test Site to develop and test an optimized cleanup system for large-area, surface plutonium contamination. The project addresses three principle areas: vegetation and soil removal, volume reduction of the displaced soil, and site restoration consisting of soil stabilization and revegetation. Soil stabilization and revegetation are critical in order to prevent erosion and reestablish wildlife habitat. A series of field and laboratory studies have been initiated to develop technologies to stabilize and restore sites disturbed by TSSM activities. Soil stabilization studies will test suitable techniques and materials to control wind and water erosion. Revegetation studies will focus on determining suitable plant species, proper techniques for establishing plants by direct seeding, procedures for transplanting native shrubs, soil fertility and irrigation requirements, and effects of herbivory on plant establishment. Additional studies will determine the extent of plutonium contamination on native vegetation, and the potential for removing plutonium from vegetation. Laboratory and greenhouse studies will determine effects of plutonium decontamination processes on soil microbial populations, and the effects of gravel mulches and soil texture on plant establishment. Following completion of these studies, the most promising technologies will be demonstrated …

The four-gap superconducting resonators which have been developed at Argonne for use in the low-beta positive ion-injector for ATLAS have potential applications for ions with velocities less than 0.007c and q/m less than 0.1. It was previously observed that at low velocities these structures can be focusing in both longitudinal and transverse phase spaces due to an inherent alternating-phase-focusing property. Studies are underway to determine the optimum combination of multi-gap structures and solenoids at low velocity and low q/m. In this paper the authors present the results of acceptance studies for the first three resonators at the front of the positive-ion injection linac, with and without the focusing solenoids. These studies include the effects of higher-order distortions in longitudinal and transverse phase spaces since minimizing such aberrations is very important for most nuclear physics applications of such accelerators.

Using diamond anvil cells, {sup 129}I Moessbauer spectroscopy (MS) and resistivity measurements were carried out in the layered antiferromagnet VI{sub 2} at 0-45 GPa and 4-300 K. MS to 15 GPa revealed an impressive increase in Neel temperature and a slight increase in transferred hyperfine field. Pressure behavior of R(P,T), in particular near the metal-insulator pressure P{sub c}=44 GPa, is described. Being the lightest transition metal (TM) in the isostructural (TM)I{sub 2} series, the V{sup 2+} (d{sup 3} configuration) represents a typical candidate for a pure Mott-Hubbard gap closure. Results are compared with the heavy TM diiodides such as NiI{sub 2} and CoI{sub 2}, where it is expected that the charge transfer regime prevails. 3 figs, 10 refs.

High pressure studies of the insulator-metal transition in the (TM)I{sub 2} (TM = V, Fe, Co and Ni) compounds are described. Those divalent transition-metal iodides are structurally isomorphous and classified as Mott Insulators. Resistivity, X-ray diffraction and Moessbauer Spectroscopy were employed to investigate the electronic, structural, and magnetic properties as a function of pressure both on the highly correlated and on the metallic regimes.

The purpose of this document is the quantitative definition of objectives, targets, and parameters of the Next-Step device to follow the present RFX experiment; this device is given the name RFXNS. Although developed over five years ago, much of the material distilled into the 1988 RFP tactical plan is useful in establishing the goals and parameters of RFXNS. This earlier plan established tentative parameters of an RFP next step based on: predictions of RFP ignition and commercial-reactor devices; and the assumed successful operation of highly complementary RFP experiments RFX and ZTH/CPRF. Programmatic changes and evolution that have occurred since 1988 strongly impact the role and characteristics of an RFXNS: the Los Alamos ZTH/CPRF project and fusion program was terminated in mid-construction for reasons of MFE cost savings and concept focusing; great progress has been made in launching ITER; and reactor projections for the tokamak have increased in detail and variety, but not in commercial promise and competitiveness. A brief status of and perspective from each of the above three points is necessary before the key issues and their implementation to form the basis of the RFXNS definition are given.

The reactions of forming (U,Zr)C solid solutions from their elemental components or similarly less stable reactants such as UC{sub 2} are strongly exothermic due to the high stability of these solid solutions. A simple approach of utilizing this heat of formation energy to assist the solid solution reaction process is to intimately mix the less stable reactant powders and then pressed them into a compact. The compact is then heated to the ignition temperature of the reaction. The feasibility of this reaction method to synthesize (U,Zr)C solid solutions has been demonstrated in this study. The preliminary results also show that both the initial composition and the heating rate have a significant effect on the nature of the reaction process. As expected the degree of powder mixing was also found to affect the completeness of the reaction.

Historically, new entrants to the practice of nuclear criticality safety have learned their job primarily by on-the-job training (OJT) often by association with an experienced nuclear criticality safety engineer who probably also learned their job by OJT. Typically, the new entrant learned what he/she needed to know to solve a particular problem and accumulated experience as more problems were solved. It is likely that more formalism will be required in the future. Current US Department of Energy requirements for those positions which have to demonstrate qualification indicate that it should be achieved by using a systematic approach such as performance based training (PBT). Assuming that PBT would be an acceptable mechanism for nuclear criticality safety engineer training in a more formal environment, a site-specific analysis of the nuclear criticality safety engineer job was performed. Based on this analysis, classes are being developed and delivered to a target audience of newer nuclear criticality safety engineers. Because current interest is in developing training for selected aspects of the nuclear criticality safety engineer job, the analysis i`s incompletely developed in some areas. Details of this analysis are provided in this report.

Sextupole components are induced in the magnetic field of superconducting dipoles when the current is changed. The magnitude of this effect depends on the rate of change of field, the strand-to-strand resistance in the superconducting cable, and the twist pitch of the wire. Ramp rate measurements have been made on a number of SSC dipoles wound from conductors with different interstrand resistances. The technique employed uses an array of Hall probes sensitive to the sextupole field and can measure the difference for field increasing or decreasing as a function of axial position. Magnets with very low interstrand resistance exhibit a large axial oscillation in the sextupole field between up and down ramps which is rate dependent When the strand resistance is high the amplitude of this oscillation is almost independent of ramp rate.

Biological effects occur in natural systems at chemical concentrations of parts per billion (1:10{sup 9}) or less. Affected biomolecules may be separable in only milligram or microgram quantities. Quantification at attomole sensitivity is needed to study these interactions. AMS measures isotope concentrations to parts per 10{sup 13--15} on milligram-sized samples and is ideal for quantifying long-lived radioisotopic labels that are commonly used to trace biochemical pathways in natural systems. {sup 14}C-AMS has now been coupled to a variety of organic separation and definition technologies. The primary research investigates pharmacokinetics and genotoxicities of toxins and drugs at very low doses. Human subject research using AMS includes nutrition, toxicity and elemental balance studies. {sup 3} H, {sup 41}Ca and {sup 26}Al are also traced by AMS for fundamental biochemical kinetic research. Expansion of biomedical AMS awaits further development of biochemical and accelerator technologies designed specifically for these applications.

A novel cryogenic interferometric fiber optics sensor for the measurement of strain and stress in the coil windings of superconducting accelerator magnets is described. The sensor can operate with two different readout sources, monochromatic laser light and white light respectively. The sensor head is built up as an extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer formed with two cleaved fiber surfaces, and can be mounted in several configurations. When read with laser light, the sensor is an extremely sensitive relative strain or temperature detector. When read with white light the absolute strain and pressure can be measured. Results are presented of tests in several configurations at 77 K and 4.2 K, both for the relative and absolute readout method. Finally, the possible use for quench localization using the temperature sensitivity is described.

AMS sensitivity arises from the direct counting of radioisotopes without interference from molecular isobars. No chemical or physical information other than a bulk isotope ratio is available from the usual AMS instrument. Chemical or biological significance of the isotope ratio depends on the definition of the sample prior to conversion to material used in the ion source. The authors use AMS to quantify biochemical interactions between labeled xenobiotics and their potential targets of toxicity. These potential target molecules are separated and defined by various types of plate and microbore separations, including thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gel electrophoresis (GE) in quantifying the binding of {sup 14}C-labeled compounds to specific DNA and protein fragments. They discuss their methods of using these microbore and plate separations of biomolecules while controlling contamination from {sup 14}C in laboratory equipment and give examples.

One of the many mechanisms underlying complex behavior in physical systems is competition between different length or time scales, which may arise naturally in the considered system or may be imposed by external influences. The purpose of this paper is the following. By means of three examples the authors will illustrate how identification of relevant length scales can lead to a separation of the system behavior in two regimes. Far from the competition region, it can be described in very simple ways, usually involving a few degrees of freedom. On the contrary, when relevant scales are in conflict, the behavior of the system turns out to be complex, typically chaotic. Therefore, the success of this approach is that it goes straightforwardly to the deep reasons for complex behavior, making amenable to analytical studies all other regimes.

Anthropogenic emissions from industrial activity, fossil fuel combustion, and biomass burning are now known to be large enough (relative to natural sources) to perturb the chemistry of vast regions of the troposphere. A goal of the IGAC Global Emissions Inventory Activity (GEIA) is to provide authoritative and reliable emissions inventories on a 1{degree} {times} 1{degree} grid. When combined with atmospheric photochemical models, these high quality emissions inventories may be used to predict the concentrations of major photochemical products. Comparison of model results with measurements of pertinent species allows us to understand whether there are major shortcomings in our understanding of tropospheric photochemistry, the budgets and transport of trace species, and their effects in the atmosphere. Through this activity, we are building the capability to make confident predictions of the future consequences of anthropogenic emissions. This paper compares IGAC recommended emissions inventories for reactive nitrogen and sulfur dioxide to those that have been in use previously. We also present results from the three-dimensional LLNL atmospheric chemistry model that show how emissions of anthropogenic nitrogen oxides might potentially affect tropospheric ozone and OH concentrations and how emissions of anthropogenic sulfur increase sulfate aerosol loadings.

The theory for an elliptic mesh generator is developed for use in the advection step of a 3D ALE algorithm. This mesh generator is derived by a variational principle for an unstrutured 3D grid using finite elements. An arbitrary weight function is introduced which is based on the geometric properties of the existing mesh. These geometric weights should allow for a smooth grid that retains the general shape of the original mesh.

The artificial pinning center (APC) approach to NbTi superconductor fabrication offers the potential benefits of higher current density and lower cost than the conventional process for NbTi. We have been evaluating several approaches for fabricating NbTi via the APC approach to determine whether these advantages can be realized in a practical conductor. The study began with the fabrication by several vendors of 10kg size samples which were evaluated as short samples. This was followed by the scale-up of one process to 150mm diameter billets. This material was evaluated first in a solenoid configuration and recently in a one-meter long dipole. We will report here on the results of these coil tests and other characterization results for this new material. We will also describe the plans to continue the scale-up to full size billets and we will discuss the potential cost savings of this approach compared with conventional NbTi fabrication.

In this paper, we introduced an alternative deep-submicrometer doping technology, Projection Gas Immersion Laser Doping (P-GILD). Representing the marriage of lithography and diffusion, P-GILD is a resistless, step-and-repeat doping process that utilizes excimer laser light patterned by a dielectric reticle to selectively heat and, thereby, dope regions of an integrated circuit. Results of physical and electrical characterization are presented for ultra-shallow p{sup +} {minus}n and n{sup +} {minus}p junctions produced by gas immersion laser doping (GILD), a phenomenologically identical technique that utilizes an aluminum contact mask rather than a dielectric reticle to pattern the beam. Junctions produced using GILD exhibit uniformly-doped, abrupt impurity profiles with no apparent defect formation in the silicon. Electrically, sheet and contact resistivities of the ultra-shallow junctions are less than 100{Omega}/sheet and 1 {times} 10{sup {minus}6} {Omega}{sm_bullet}cm{sup 2}, respectively, while n{sup +} {minus}p and p{sup +} {minus}n diodes exhibit nearly ideal forward bias behavior and reverse leakage current densities less than 5 nA/cm{sup 2} at {minus}5V. Uniformity of both diode characteristics and sheet resistance for junctions produced by the step-and-repeat process is also shown to be better than {plus_minus}5% across a 4-inch wafer.

Recent changes in the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant mission make possible the access by industry to a national resource with a history of manufacturing high precision components from conventional, exotic, and hazardous materials. Turning, milling, grinding, and many nontraditional machining techniques combined with high- accuracy dimensional inspection, nontraditional testing, and a broad range of surface treatments/coatings support national programs requiring the highest possible quality. The Centers for Manufacturing Technology (1-800-356-4USA) at the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant site provide an impressive mix of resources and opportunities to American industry.

The differential cross sections for production of K{sub s}{sup 0}`s, {Lambda}`s and {pi}{sup {minus}}`s from Si and Pb targets using 14.6 {times} A GeV/c Si beams at the AGS are presented as a function of rapidity and transverse mass. These results are compared with model predictions and K{sub s}{sup 0} production is compared with {pi}{sup {minus}} production.

In this paper we consider the problem of interprocessor communication on a Completely Connected Optical Communication Parallel Computer (OCPC). The particular problem we study is that of realizing an h-relation. In this problem, each processor has at most h messages to send and at most h messages to receive. It is clear that any 1-relation can be realized in one communication step on an OCPC. However, the best known p-processor OCPC algorithm for realizing an arbitrary h-relation for h > 1 requires {Theta}(h + log p) expected communication steps. (This algorithm is due to Valiant and is based on earlier work of Anderson and Miller.) Valiant`s algorithm is optimal only for h = {Omega}(log p) and it is an open question of Gereb-Graus and Tsantilas whether there is a faster algorithm for h = o(log p). In this paper we answer this question in the affirmative by presenting a {Theta} (h + log log p) communication step algorithm that realizes an arbitrary h-relation on a p-processor OCPC. We show that if h {le} log p then the failure probability can be made as small as p{sup -{alpha}} for any positive constant {alpha}.