The work in this task involves the use of composite membranes to remove tritium from contaminated water at DOE sites. Experience with membrane systems in industry indicates that they are inherently energy efficient. Furthermore, membrane technologies such as reverse-osmosis have been well developed for desalination and other industrial/municipal applications. Aromatic polyphosphazenes were chosen as the polymeric material for the membranes being investigated because they have excellent radiological, thermal, and chemical stability. The FY-96 effort is directed toward empirical delineation of a potential mechanism, providing a statistical approach to data acquisition, further mass balance determination, and a preliminary design for the module staged array.

We introduce a new spatial discretization scheme for transport on arbitrary spatial grids in XY geometry. Our arbitrary'' spatial grid is composed of arbitrarily-connected polygons, each of which may have an arbitrary number of sides. We begin our derivation by imposing particle balance on every corner'' of each cell (Consequently, we call our scheme the corner-balance (CB) method.) We complete the derivation by introducing simple closure formulas that relate volume-averaged unknowns to surface-averaged unknowns in each corner. We discuss the relationship of the new scheme to discontinuous finite-element methods and to multiple-balance methods. We demonstrate that on simple grids, the method reduces to very robust schemes that have been studied previously. We discuss the theoretical performance of the method in the thick diffusion limit, and provide numerical results for that limit. We present additional numerical results from simple problems that test the new scheme in other limits. Finally, we offer some concluding remarks about the method. 9 refs., 6 figs.

Design studies for recombination x-ray lasers based on plasmas ionized by high intensity, short pulse optical lasers are presented. Transient lasing on n = 3 to n = 2 transitions in Lithium-like Neon allows for moderately short wavelengths ({le} 100{angstrom}) without requiring ionizing intensities associated with relativistic electron quiver energies. The electron energy distribution following the ionizing pulse affects directly the predicted gains for this resonance transition. Efficiencies of 10{sup {minus}6} or greater are found for plasma temperatures in the vicinity of 40 eV. Simulation studies of parametric heating phenomena relating to stimulated Raman and Compton scattering are presented. For electron densities less than about 2.5 {times} 10{sup 20} cm{sup {minus}3} and peak driver intensity of 2 {times} 10{sup 17} W/cm{sup 2} at 0.25 {mu}m with pulse length of 100 fsec, the amount of electron heating is found to be marginally significant. For Lithium-like Aluminum, the required relativistic ionizing intensity gives excessive electron heating and reduced efficiency, thereby rendering this scheme impractical for generating shorter wavelength lasing ({le} 50{angstrom}) in the transient case. Following the transient lasing phase, a slow hydrodynamic expansion into the surrounding cool plasma is accompanied by quasi-static gain on the n = 4 to n = …

A growth algorithm has been developed to build coral shapes out of a tree of spheres. A volume density defined by the spheres is contoured to give a soft object.'' The resulting contour surfaces are rendered by ray tracing, using a generalized volume texture to produce shading and bump mapped'' normal perturbations. 16 refs., 8 figs.

For the next generation of fusion lasers reflecting mirrors with laser damage thresholds of at least 40 J/cm{sup 2} for 10 ns laser pulses at 1.064 {mu}m are needed. Up to now, no deposition technique has been developed to produce such mirrors. Best R D-values realized today are around 30 J/cm{sup 2} for e-beam evaporated mirrors. R D on conventional e-beam coating processes over the last 10 years has come up with marginal improvements in laser damage thresholds only. However, new technologies, like PICVD developed for the fabrication of ultra-low loss fiber preforms, seem to offer the potential to solve this problem. It is well known that fused silica produced by CVD processes can have laser damage thresholds as high as 80 J/cm{sup 2}. However, the thickness of a single deposited film is in the {mu}m-range for most of the CVD processes used for preform manufacturing; since interference optics need films in the{lambda}/4n range the use of preform-fabrication processes for the purpose of interference mirror fabrication is limited to a few plasma based CVD technologies, namely PCVD. Especially PICVD is a very powerful technology to fabricate thin film multilayers for interference mirrors, because this technique is able to produce films …

A meeting was held on October 15, 16, 17, 1990 to discuss the state of tritium safety and environmental effects. The meeting was organized with the help of the International Energy Agency planning committee consisting of K. Steinmetz, Y. Seki, G. Nardella, and G. Vivian. Representative of tritium production facilities and heavy water reactor power production were also involved. The meeting was organized to address seven topics in tritium safety that were thought to require further work. The topics were: (1) materials science, (2) environmental models, (3) environmental model validation, (4) tritiated organic compounds, (5) human dosimetry, (6) tritium sampling and measurement, and (7) long-term environmental databases.

These notes give an overview of some aspects of the quantum theory of light and its interaction with matter. A description is given of basic emission and absorption processes, as well as the theory of photodetection and optical coherence. Basic research in this area is increasingly relevant to areas of technological importance, including microlaser devices and the noise characteristics of semiconductor lasers.

The assessed phase diagram of Fe-V exhibits a continuous high temperature bcc solid solution intersected at lower temperatures by a complex sigma phase centered around equiatomic composition. Slow kinetics of the bcc to sigma transformation make it possible to retain the bcc solid solution at low temperature. It has been observed that this metastable solid solution has a tendency to order with a CsCl type structure (B2) below 970 K. As a first attempt to describe this behavior from an electronic structure approach, this paper will study the phase stability on the bcc lattice using a realistic tight-binding Hamiltonian. Main features are as follows: Element and structure specific Slater-Koster parameters are used and lattice parameter effects are incorporated through scaling. Charge transfer is set to zero by rigidly shifting the onsite energies of one constituent. The Coherent Potential Approximation (CPA) is invoked with four levels corresponding to states with s, p, t{sub 2g} and e{sub g} like symmetry. Effects of off-diagonal disorder (ODD) have not been included, instead, an average alloy Hamiltonian was defined using the Slater-Koster parameters of the components weighted by concentration. At equiatomic composition the effect of this approximation has been evaluated by repeating the electronic structure …

Tags and seals have long been recognized as important tools in arms control. The trend in control of armaments is to limit militarily significant equipment that is capable of being verified through direct and cooperative means, chiefly on-site inspection or monitoring. Although this paper will focus on the CFE treaty, the role of tags and seals for other treaties will also be addressed. Published technology and concepts will be reviewed, based on open sources. Arms control verification tags are defined as unique identifiers designed to be tamper-revealing; in that respect, seals are similar, being used as indicators of unauthorized access. Tamper-revealing tags might be considered as single-point markers, seals as two-point couplings, and nets as volume containment. The functions of an arms control tag can be considered to be two-fold: to provide field verification of the identity of a treaty-limited item (TLI), and to have a means of authentication of the tag and its tamper-revealing features. Authentication could take place in the field or be completed elsewhere. For CFE, the goal of tags and seals can be to reduce the overall cost of the entire verification system.

We present an overview of the experimental evidence for a role of the lattice in the mechanism of high temperature superconductivity. It appears unlikely that a solely conventional electron-phonon interaction produces the pairing. However, there is ample evidence of strong electron and spin to lattice coupling and observations of a response of the lattice to the electronic state. We draw attention to the importance of the local structure in discussions of lattice effects in high-{Tc} superconductivity.

The Fernald Environmental Restoration Management Corporation (FERMCO) took great strides in the development of cost estimates at Fernald. There have been many opportunities to improve on how the policies and procedures pertaining to cost estimates were to be implemented. As FERMCO took over the existing Fernald facility, the Project Controls Division began to format the estimating procedures and tools to do business at Fernald. The Estimating Department looked at the problems that pre-existed at the site. One of the key problems that FERMCO encountered was how to summarized the direct and indirect accounts of each subcontracted estimate. Direct costs were broken down by prime and sub-prime accounts. This presented a level of detail that had not been experienced at the site before; it also created many issues concerning accounts and definitions to be applied to ``all other accounts associated with a project.`` Existing subcontract indirect cost accounts were reviewed from existing historical estimates. It was found that some were very detailed and some were not. The Estimating Department was given the task of standardizing the accounts and percentages for each of the subcontractor indirect costs. Then, as the project progressed, the percentages could be revised with actual estimates, subcontract comparisons, …

The authors describe a coupling correction scheme they have developed and used to successfully reduce the vertical emittance of the NSLS X-Ray ring by a factor of 6 to below 2 A. This gives a vertical to horizontal emittance ratio of less than 0.2%. They find the strengths of 17 skew quadrupoles to simultaneously minimize the vertical dispersion and the coupling. As a measure of coupling they utilize the shift in vertical closed orbit resulting from a change in strength of a horizontal steering magnet. Experimental measurements confirm the reduced emittance.

I want to tell you about an improved Thomas-Fermi method for calculating shell-averaged nuclear properties, such as density distributions, binding energies, etc. A shell-averaged statistical theory is useful as the macroscopic component of microscopic-macroscopic theories of nuclei, such as the Strutinsky method, as well as in theories of nuclear matter in the bulk, relevant in astrophysical applications. In nuclear physics, as well as in atomic and molecular problems, the following question often has to be answered: you are given a potential well, say a deformed Woods-Saxon potential, into which you put N quantized fermions into the lowest N eigenstates, up to a ``Fermi energy`` To. You square the wave functions of the particles and add them up to get the total density {rho}({sub r}{sup {yields}}) = {Sigma}{sub i}{sup N}{vert_bar}{psi}{sub i}{vert_bar}{sup 2}. Is there some simple way of estimating {rho}({sub r}{sup {yields}}) without going through the misery of numerically solving N partial differential Schroedinger equations for the N particles?

A summary of large-scale cyclic static tests of structural clay tile infilled frames is given. In-plane racking tests examined the effects of varying frame stiffness, varying infill size, infill offset from frame centerline, and single and double wythe infill construction. Out-of-plane tests examined infilled frame response to inertial loadings and inter-story drift loadings. Sequential in-plane and out-of-plane loadings were performed to determine the effects of orthogonal damage and degradation on both strength and stiffness. A combined out-of-plane inertial and in-plane racking test was conducted to investigate the interaction of multi-directional loading. To determine constitutive properties of the infills, prism compression, mortar compression and various unit tile tests were performed.

This paper is divided into three roughly independent sections. The first is a historical review of the twenty year history of experimental ion heat transport measurements from many tokamaks. The second is a study of ion heat transport in Ohmic TFTR plasmas which shows that {chi}i {approximately} {chi}e {approx} 15{chi}i{sup neo}. Thus, ion heat transport is demonstrated to be strongly anomalous even the absence of auxiliary heating. The third section describes the variation of {chi}i with local ion temperature in TFTR during auxiliary heating, with emphasis on characterizing the differecens between transport in the L-mode and supershot regimes. The results are consistent with the conjecture that improved ion energy confinement in supershot plasmas is caused by a high ratio of T{sub 1}/T{sub e}.

The {open_quotes}recirculator,{close_quotes} a recirculating heavy-ion accelerator has been identified as a promising approach for an inertial fusion driver. System studies have been conducted to evaluate the recirculator on the basis of feasibility and cost. The recirculator has been shown to have significant cost advantages over other potential driver schemes, but some of the performance requirements exceed the capabilities of present technology. The system studies identified the high leverage areas where advances in technology will significantly impact the cost and performance of a recirculator. One of the high leverage areas is the modulator system which generates the acceleration potentials in the induction cells. The modulator system must be capable of generating the acceleration potentials at peak repetition rates in excess of 100 kHz with variable pulse widths. LLNL is developing a modulator technology capable of driving induction cells using the latest in solid state MOSFET technology. A small scale modulator has been built and tested to prove the concept and the next version is presently being designed. The objective is to demonstrate a modulator operating at 5 kV, 1 kA, with 0.2--1 {mu}s pulse widths while driving an induction cell at >100 kHz within the next year. This paper describes the …

In this paper we explore the possibility of building a tau-charm-factory at the Argonne National Laboratory. A tau-charm-factory is an e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} collider with a center-of-mass energy between 3.0 GeV and 5.0 GeV and a luminosity of at least 1 {times} 10{sup 33}cm{sup {minus}2}s{sup {minus}1}. Once operational, the facility will produce large samples of {tau} pairs, charm mesons, and charmonium with either negligible or well understood backgrounds. This will lead to high precision measurements in the second generation quark and the third generation lepton sectors that cannot be done at other facilities. Basic physical properties and processes, such as the tau neutrino mass, rare tau decays, charm decay constants, rare charm meson decays, neutral D{sup 0} -- meson mixing, and many more will be studied with unique precision. An initial design of the collider including the injector system is described. The design shows that a luminosity of at least 1 {times} 10{sup 33}cm{sup {minus}2}s{sup {minus}1} can be achieved over the entire center-of-mass energy range of the factory.

This paper tests an approach to predict the range of ground motion hazard at specific sites generated by earthquakes on specific faults. The approach is based upon structural, lithological and rheological descriptions of the fault zones, development of fault rupture scenarios, and computation of synthetic seismograms using empirical Green`s functions. Faults are placed within a regional geomechanical model. The approach is based upon three hypothesis: (1) An exact solution of the representation relation that utilizes empirical Green`s functions enables very accurate computation of ground motions generated by a given rupture; (2) a general description of the rupture is sufficient; and (3) the structural, lithological and Theological characteristics of a fault can be used to constrain, in advance, possible future rupture histories. Ground motion hazard here refers to three-component, full wave train descriptions of displacement, velocity, and acceleration over the frequency band 0.01 to 25 Hz. Corollaries to these hypotheses are that the range of possible fault rupture histories is narrow enough to functionally constrain the range of strong ground motion predictions, and that a discreet set of rupture histories is sufficient to span the infinite combinations possible from a given range of rupture parameters.

Testimony was submitted to the Senate on the environmental impacts of accelerated research and development of hydrogen-based energy systems. The advantages of hydrogen in transportation systems, in fuel cells for electric vehicles and power plants, and in energy storage from off-peak electricity production were described. The largest barrier to using hydrogen in the transportation sector is the on-board storage of enough fuel to provide an adequate driving range in an urban environment. Production methods and costs were also discussed. The authors believe a coordinated demonstration program with US industry is needed to develop the best technologies for hydrogen-fueled vehicles.

Field harmonics offer a powerful tool to examine the mechanical structure of accelerator magnets. A large deviation from the nominal values suggests a mechanical defect. Magnets with such defects are likely to have a poor quench performance. Similarly, a trend suggests a wear in tooling or a gradual change in the magnet assem-bly or in the size of a component. This paper presents the use of the field quality as a tool to monitor the magnet production of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Several examples are briefly described. Field quality analysis can also rule out a suspected geometric error if it can not be supported by the symmetry and the magnitude of the measured harmonics.

A meeting was held on October 15, 16, 17, 1990 to discuss the state of tritium safety and environmental effects. The meeting was organized with the help of the International Energy Agency planning committee consisting of K. Steinmetz, Y. Seki, G. Nardella, and G. Vivian. Representative of tritium production facilities and heavy water reactor power production were also involved. The meeting was organized to address seven topics in tritium safety that were thought to require further work. The topics were: (1) materials science, (2) environmental models, (3) environmental model validation, (4) tritiated organic compounds, (5) human dosimetry, (6) tritium sampling and measurement, and (7) long-term environmental databases.

The use of foam in decontamination operations offers significant reductions in waste generation. Initial use has confirmed its effectiveness. Issues being resolved at Savannah River Site (SRS) include compatibility of foam generating solutions with decontamination solutions, waste disposal, and operational safety.

Henry Stapp attempts to resolve the Cartesian dilemma by introducing what the author would characterize as an ontological dualism between mind and matter. His model for mind comes from William James` description of conscious events and for matter from Werner Heisenberg`s ontological model for quantum events (wave function collapse). His demonstration of the isomorphism between the two types of events is successful, but in the author`s opinion fails to establish a monistic, scientific theory. The author traces Stapp`s failure to his adamant rejection of arbitrariness, or `randomness`. This makes it impossible for him (or for Bohr and Pauli before him) to understand the power of Darwin`s explanation of biology, let along the triumphs of modern `neo-Darwinism`. The author notes that the point at issue is a modern version of the unresolved opposition between Leucippus and Democritus on one side and Epicurus on the other. Stapp`s views are contrasted with recent discussions of consciousness by two eminent biologists: Crick and Edelman. They locate the problem firmly in the context of natural selection on the surface of the earth. Their approaches provide a sound basis for further scientific work. The author briefly examines the connection between this scientific (rather than ontological) framework …

This report discusses and summarize the role of heating and non-inductive current drive in ITER as: (1) ITER must have heating power sufficient for ignition. (2) The heating system must be capable of current drive. (3) Steady-state operation is an ``ultimate goal.`` It is recognized that additional heating and current drive power (beyond what is initially installed on ITER) may be required. (4) The ``Ultimate goal of steady-state operation`` means steady-state with Q{sub CD} {ge} 5. Unlike the ``Terms of Reference`` for the ITER CDA, the ``ITER Technical Objectives and Approaches`` for the EDA sets no goal for the neutron wall load during steady-state operation. (5) In addition to bulk current drive, the ITER heating and current drive system should be used for current profile control and for burn control.