High-pressure x-ray diffraction of (Mg{sub 0.8}Fe{sub 0.2})O at room temperature reveals a discontinuity in the bulk modulus at 40 ({+-}5) GPa, similar pressure at which an electronic spin-pairing transition of Fe{sup 2+} is also observed. In the x-ray diffraction experiments the transition is completed only at 80 GPa, possibly reflecting lack of equilibration. Combining recent measurements, we document anomalies in the compression curve of Mg-rich magnesiowuestites that are manifestations of the spin transition. The best fit to a third order Birch-Murnaghan equation for the low-spin phase of magnesiowuestite with 17-20 mol% FeO yields bulk modulus K{sub T0} = 190 ({+-}150) GPa, pressure derivative ({partial_derivative}K{sub T}/{partial_derivative}){sub T0} = 4.6 ({+-}2.7) and unit-cell volume V{sub 0} = 71 ({+-}5) {angstrom}{sup 3}, consistent with past estimates of the ionic radius of octahedrally-coordinated low-spin Fe{sup 2+} in oxides. A sharp spin transition at lower-mantle depths between 1100 and 1900 km (40-80 GPa) would cause a unit-cell volume decrease ({Delta}{nu}{sub {phi}}) of 3.7 ({+-}0.8) to 2.0 ({+-}0.2) percent and bulk sound velocity increase ({Delta}{nu}{sub {phi}}) of 8.1 ({+-}6-1.7) percent ({nu}{sub {phi}} = {radical}K{sub s}/{rho}). Even in the absence of a visible seismic discontinuity, we expect the Fe-spin transition to imply a correction to current compositional …

Under the sponsorship of the U.S. DOE and DHS, we have recently developed a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for simulating airflow and dispersion of chemical/biological agents released in urban areas. Our model, FEM3MP, is based on solving the three-dimensional, time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations with appropriate physics submodels on massively parallel computer platforms. It employs finite-element discretization for effective treatment of complex geometries and a semi-implicit projection scheme for efficient time-integration. A simplified CFD approach, using both explicitly resolved and virtual buildings, was implemented to further improve the model's efficiency. Predictions from our model are continuously being verified against measured data from wind tunnel and field studies. Herein our model is further evaluated using observed data from IOPs (intensive operation periods) 3 and 9 of the Joint Urban 2003 field study conducted in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in July 2003. Our model predictions of wind and concentration fields in the near and intermediate regions, as well as profiles of wind speed, wind direction, friction velocity, and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in the urban wake region, are generally consistent with and compared reasonably well with field observations. In addition, our model was able to predict the observed split plume of IOP 3 and …

A bioreactor landfill cell with 1.2-acre footprint was constructed, filled, operated, and monitored at Northern Oaks Recycling and Disposal Facility (NORDF) at Harrison, MI. With a filled volume of 74,239 cubic yards, the cell contained approximately 35,317 tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) and 20,777 tons of cover soil. It was laid on the slope of an existing cell but separated by a geosynthetic membrane liner. After the cell reached a design height of 60 feet, it was covered with a geosynthetic membrane cap. A three-dimensional monitoring system to collect data at 48 different locations was designed and installed during the construction phase of the bioreactor cell. Each location had a cluster of monitoring devices consisting of a probe to monitor moisture and temperature, a leachate collection basin, and a gas sampling port. An increase in moisture content of the MSW in the bioreactor cell was achieved by pumping leachate collected on-site from various other cells, as well as recirculation of leachate from the bioreactor landfill cell itself. Three types of leachate injection systems were evaluated in this bioreactor cell for their efficacy to distribute pumped leachate uniformly: a leachate injection pipe buried in a 6-ft wide horizontal stone mound, …

We study top quark flavor violation in the framework of a warped extra dimension with the Standard Model (SM) fields propagating in the bulk. Such a scenario provides solutions to both the Planck-weak hierarchy problem and the flavor puzzle of the SM without inducing a flavor problem. We find that, generically, tcZ couplings receive a huge enhancement, in particular the right handed ones can be {Omicron}(1%). This results in BR (t {yields} cZ) at or above the sensitivity of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). At the International Linear Collider (ILC), single top production, via e{sup +}e{sup -} {yields} t{bar c}, can be a striking signal for this scenario. In particular, it represents a physics topic of critical importance that can be explored even with a relatively low energy option, close to the tc threshold. At both the LHC and the ILC, angular distributions can probe the above prediction of dominance of right-handed couplings.

Large dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals are grown in large crystallizers to provide raw material for the manufacture of optical components for large laser systems. It is a challenge to grow crystal with sufficient mass and geometric properties to allow large optical plates to be cut from them. In addition, KDP has long been the canonical solution crystal for study of growth processes. To assist in the production of the crystals and the understanding of crystal growth phenomena, analysis of growth habits of large KDP crystals has been studied, small scale kinetic experiments have been performed, mass transfer rates in model systems have been measured, and computational-fluid-mechanics tools have been used to develop an engineering model of the crystal growth process. The model has been tested by looking at its ability to simulate the growth of nine KDP boules that all weighed more than 200 kg.

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This report describes the characteristics of the Great Lakes, the interests they support, and possible threats to lake levels.

A strain of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) has spread throughout Asia since 2003, infecting mostly poultry but also a limited number of humans. The virus researched Europe in 2005, and the Middle East and Africa in 2006. Officials believe this strain may enter North America later in 2006 through migratory flyaways. The avian flu is highly contagious in domestic poultry, prompting strict biosecurity measures. This report details the strains of, transmission of, and control of Avian flu and also the Federal appropriations to control avian flu in poultry and economic impacts.

We have developed an artificial neural network (ANN) based combustion model and have integrated it into a fluid mechanics code (KIVA3V) to produce a new analysis tool (titled KIVA3V-ANN) that can yield accurate HCCI predictions at very low computational cost. The neural network predicts ignition delay as a function of operating parameters (temperature, pressure, equivalence ratio and residual gas fraction). KIVA3V-ANN keeps track of the time history of the ignition delay during the engine cycle to evaluate the ignition integral and predict ignition for each computational cell. After a cell ignites, chemistry becomes active, and a two-step chemical kinetic mechanism predicts composition and heat generation in the ignited cells. KIVA3V-ANN has been validated by comparison with isooctane HCCI experiments in two different engines. The neural network provides reasonable predictions for HCCI combustion and emissions that, although typically not as good as obtained with the more physically representative multi-zone model, are obtained at a much reduced computational cost. KIVA3V-ANN can perform reasonably accurate HCCI calculations while requiring only 10% more computational effort than a motored KIVA3V run. It is therefore considered a valuable tool for evaluation of engine maps or other performance analysis tasks requiring multiple individual runs.

Each year, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) prepares an annual Site Environmental Report (SER) in accordance with DOE Order 231.1A, Environment, Safety and Health Reporting of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The report is written to inform the public, regulators, employees, and other stakeholders of BNL's environmental performance during the calendar year in review. The SER summarizes environmental data; environmental management performance; compliance with applicable DOE, federal, state, and local regulations; and compliance, restoration, and surveillance monitoring program performance. BNL has prepared annual SERs since 1971 and has documented nearly all of its environmental history since the Laboratory's inception in 1947. The report is available in print and as a downloadable file on the BNL web page at http://www.bnl.gov/ewms/ser/. A summary of the SER is also prepared each year to provide a general overview of the report, and is distributed with a CD of the full report.

The elastic properties and electronic structure of PtN2 withthe pyrite structure (PtN2(C2)) were studied with first-principlescalculations. The crystal structure is demonstrated to be elasticallystable with a lower energy than the metastable fluorite structureproposed before. The calculated shear modulus of 214 GPa suggests thatPtN2(C2) is harder than some well known hard materials such as TiN andSiC. The high elastic moduli are attributed to a stacking ofcorner-shared PtN6 octahedra bonded by strong N-N covalent bonding. Incontrast to the metallic fluorite-type phase, PtN2(C2) is semiconductingwith an indirect band gap.

The bullet evidence in the JFK assassination investigation was reexamined from metallurgical and statistical standpoints. The questioned specimens are comprised of soft lead, possibly from full-metal-jacketed Mannlicher-Carcano, 6.5-mm ammunition. During lead refining, contaminant elements are removed to specified levels for a desired alloy or composition. Microsegregation of trace and minor elements during lead casting and processing can account for the experimental variabilities measured in various evidentiary and comparison samples by laboratory analysts. Thus, elevated concentrations of antimony and copper at crystallographic grain boundaries, the widely varying sizes of grains in Mannlicher-Carcano bullet lead, and the 5-60 mg bullet samples analyzed for assassination intelligence effectively resulted in operational sampling error for the analyses. This deficiency was not considered in the original data interpretation and resulted in an invalid conclusion in favor of the single-bullet theory of the assassination. Alternate statistical calculations, based on the historic analytical data, incorporating weighted averaging and propagation of experimental uncertainties also considerably weaken support for the single-bullet theory. In effect, this assessment of the material composition of the lead specimens from the assassination concludes that the extant evidence is consistent with any number between two and five rounds fired in Dealey Plaza during the shooting.

As with all planned repositories for spent fuel, the critical period over which Yucca Mountain needs to provide isolation is the first hundreds to thousands of years after the fuel is emplaced, when it is at its most hazardous. Both the original and the proposed new EPA standards highlight the central importance of this performance period by focusing on repository behavior during the first 10,000 years. Archaeology has a lot to tell us about the behavior of materials and structures over this time period. There have been numerous studies of archaeological artifacts in conditions relevant to the groundwater saturated environments that are a feature of most international geological disposal concepts, but relatively few in arid environments like that of the Nevada desert. However, there is much information to be gleaned, not only from classic archaeological areas in the Middle East and around the Mediterranean but also, perhaps surprisingly to some, from Nevada itself. Our recent study evaluated archaeological materials from underground openings and shallow burial in arid environments relevant to Yucca Mountain, drawing conclusions about how their state and their environment of preservation could help to assess design and operational options for the high-level waste repository.

Two players one of them wearing a red uniform with blue socks and white shoes and the other wearing the uniform of the German national soccer team compete for control of the ball during a daytime game while another player wearing blue socks, red shorts, and a red and blue stripped jersey looks at the action.

A goaltender goes in to catch the ball while surrounded by players from both teams. The teams are wearing red shorts with red and blue stripped jerseys and the other team is wearing the uniform of the German national soccer team. The goaltender is wearing an orange and black jersey. In the background is railroad trestle.

The view from behind the goaltender's net is captured during a late afternoon game between two teams sporting red and withe uniforms. In the background is tree line is visible.

Fotografía de un partido de fútbol. Dos jugadores con uniformes rojos intentan arrebatar el balón a un jugador con el uniforme de la selección alemana de fútbol durante un partido diurno. En el fondo, un árbitro con calcetines negros, pantalón negro, camiseta azul claro y gorra blanca que sostiene una bandera a cuadros amarilla y naranja en su mano izquierda observa la acción.

During a daytime game two players from the opposing teams run toward a soccer ball. The player on the left is wearing white shoes, blue socks, red shorts, and red and blue stripped jersey. The player on the right is wearing the colors of the German national soccer team. At the far right of the image a sideline official wearing black socks, black shorts, a light blue jersey, and a white cap holds a yellow and orange checkered flag in his left hand looks at the action.

A player wearing red shorts and a red and blue stripped jersey sports a goatee as he hugs the goal post in anticipation of a corner kick. Behind him the goaltender places himself on the outside to cover more ground. The game is taking place during the daytime.

During a daytime soccer match on a dry field two players from opposing teams run toward a soccer ball. The player on the left is wearing white shoes, blue socks, red shorts, and jersey with red and blue stripes. The player on the right is wearing the colors of the German national soccer team.

A soccer ball has a water bottle leaning against it. There is also a goal tender standing in front of the goal. He is wearing dark shorts and a light colored jersey, cap, and socks.

A sideline official is seen during a soccer game pacing the sideline as he views a soccer game for any infractions. He is wearing black shoes, black socks, black shorts, a light blue jersey, and a white hat. In his right hand he holds a yellow and orange checkered flag. At the lower left hand corner of the image is a soccer ball. IN the background a soccer match is taking place between a teams in red jerseys and white jerseys. There is a tree line and a housing development on the horizon and the game is taking place during the daytime on dry field.

A sideline official at a soccer game is seen running to keep up with the action. He is wearing black shoes, black socks, black shorts, a light blue jersey, and a white cap. In his left hand he holds a flag to signify when the ball has been kicked out of bounds. In front of him and too his right is a soccer ball and to his left is a soccer game between a team in white jerseys and red jerseys. In the far distance one may see a tree line and a housing development. The game is taking place during the daytime one a dry grass field.