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Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications (open access)

Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications

This report provides historical background on the enactment of declarations of war and authorizations for the use of force and analyzes their legal effects under international and domestic law. It also sets forth their texts in two appendices. Because the statutes that confer standby authority on the President and the executive branch potentially play such a large role in an armed conflict to which the United States is a party, the report includes an extensive listing and summary of the statutes that are triggered by a declaration of war, a declaration of national emergency, and/or the existence of a state of war. The report concludes with a summary of the congressional procedures applicable to the enactment of a declaration of war or authorization for the use of force and to measures under the War Powers Resolution.
Date: August 11, 2006
Creator: Elsea, Jennifer K. & Grimmett, Richard F.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Chemical Facility Security (open access)

Chemical Facility Security

Facilities handling large amounts of potentially hazardous chemical (i.e., chemical facilities) might be of interest to terrorists, either as targets for direct attacks meant to release chemicals into the community or as a source of chemicals for use elsewhere. For any individual facility, the risk is very small, but the risks may be increasing -- with potentially severe consequences for human health and the environment. Congress might choose to rely on existing efforts in the public and private sectors to improve chemical site security over time. Alternatively, Congress could expand existing environmental planning requirements for chemical facilities to require consideration of terrorism. Congress might also enact legislation to reduce risks, either by "hardening" defenses against terrorists or by requiring industries to consider use of safer chemicals, procedures, or processes.
Date: October 11, 2006
Creator: Schierow, Linda-Jo
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Energy Policy: Conceptual Framework and Continuing Issues (open access)

Energy Policy: Conceptual Framework and Continuing Issues

In the spring of 2006, crude oil prices were exceeding $70/barrel (bbl) in response to tight markets and uncertainty over the security of world oil supply. A number of developments have placed additional pressure on world markets, including Hurricanes Katrina and Rita (in late August and late September 2005), the phaseout of the gasoline additive methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and a renewable fuels mandate, and a continuing high and worldwide demand for oil. Energy policy issues for continuing interest include opening up the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) for leasing; Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards (CAFE) for passenger vehicles; improving U.S. energy infrastructure, including pipelines and refineries; seeking effective means to promote energy conservation using currently available technologies, and developing new technologies and alternative fuels.
Date: May 11, 2006
Creator: Bamberger, Robert
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Weapons of Mass Destruction: Trade Between North Korea and Pakistan (open access)

Weapons of Mass Destruction: Trade Between North Korea and Pakistan

U.S. intelligence officials claimed Pakistan was a key supplier of uranium enrichment technology to North Korea, and some media reports suggested that Pakistan had exchanged centrifuge enrichment technology for North Korean help in developing longer range missiles. U.S. official statements leave little doubt that cooperation occurred, but there are significant details missing on the scope of cooperation and the role of Pakistan's government. The roots of cooperation are deep. North Korea and Pakistan have been engaged in conventional arms trade for over thirty years. Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) trade between North Korea and Pakistan raises significant issues for Congress, which are discussed at length in this report.
Date: October 11, 2006
Creator: Squassoni, Sharon A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses (open access)

Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses

According to the Administration's "National Security Strategy" document released on March 16, 2006, the United States "may face no greater challenge from a single country than Iran." To date, the Bush Administration has pursued several avenues to attempt to contain the potential threat posed by Iran, including supporting a long-term policy of changing Iran's regime. Iran's nuclear program is not the only major U.S. concern on Iran. Successive administrations have pointed to the threat posed by Iran's policy in the Near East region, particularly material support to groups that use violence to prevent or complicate Israeli-Arab peace. Iran's human rights practices and strict limits on free expression have been consistently criticized by official U.S. and U.N. reports.
Date: September 11, 2006
Creator: Katzman, Kenneth
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance (open access)

War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance

Two separate but closely related issues confront Congress each time the President introduces armed forces into a situation abroad that conceivably could lead to their involvement in hostilities. One issue concerns the division of war powers between the President and Congress, whether the use of armed forces falls within the purview of the congressional power to declare war and the War Powers Resolution. The other issue is whether or not Congress concurs in the wisdom of the action. A longer-term issue is whether the War Powers Resolution is an appropriate and effective means of assuring congressional participation in actions that might get the United States involved in war.
Date: July 11, 2006
Creator: Grimmett, Richard F.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Saudi Arabia: Current Issues and U.S. Relations (open access)

Saudi Arabia: Current Issues and U.S. Relations

The United States and Saudi Arabia have long-standing economic and defense ties, and the U.S. has a strong security commitment to Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia was a key member of the allied coalition that expelled Iraqi forces from Kuwait in 1991. Bombing attacks against several U.S. and foreign-operated installations in Saudi Arabia have raised some concerns about security of U.S. citizens and what appears to be growing anti-Americanism in some segments of the Saudi population. Other principal issues of bilateral interest include security in the post-war Gulf region, the Saudi position on the Arab-Israeli conflict, arms transfers to Saudi Arabia, Saudi external aid programs, bilateral trade relationships and oil production, and Saudi policies on human rights and democracy.
Date: July 11, 2006
Creator: Prados, Alfred B. & Blanchard, Christopher M.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Nuclear Weapons: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (open access)

Nuclear Weapons: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

A comprehensive test ban treaty, or CTBT, is the oldest item on the nuclear arms control agenda. Three treaties currently limit testing to underground only, with a maximum force equal to 150,000 tons of TNT. This report outlines the CTBT and related legislation.
Date: October 11, 2006
Creator: Medalia, Jonathan
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Iraq: Elections, Government, and Constitution (open access)

Iraq: Elections, Government, and Constitution

Elections in 2005 for a transition government (January 30, 2005), a permanent constitution (October 15), and a permanent (four year) government (December 15) were concluded despite insurgent violence, progressively attracting Sunni participation. On May 20, a unity government was formed as U.S. officials had been urging, but it is not clear that the new government will be able to reduce ongoing violence.
Date: September 11, 2006
Creator: Katzman, Kenneth
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Exemptions from Environmental Law for the Department of Defense: An Overview of Congressional Action (open access)

Exemptions from Environmental Law for the Department of Defense: An Overview of Congressional Action

Several environmental statutes contain national security exemptions, which the Department of Defense (DOD) can obtain on a case-by-case basis. Since FY2003, DOD has sought broader exemptions that it argues are needed to preserve training capabilities and ensure military readiness. There has been disagreement in Congress over the need for broader exemptions in the absence of data on the overall impact of environmental requirements on training and readiness. There has also been disagreement over the potential impacts of broader exemptions on environmental quality. This report outlines this issue and relevant legislation in detail.
Date: July 11, 2006
Creator: Bearden, David M.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Texas Register, Volume 31, Number 32, Pages 6287-6428, August 11, 2006 (open access)

Texas Register, Volume 31, Number 32, Pages 6287-6428, August 11, 2006

A weekly publication, the Texas Register serves as the journal of state agency rulemaking for Texas. Information published in the Texas Register includes proposed, adopted, withdrawn and emergency rule actions, notices of state agency review of agency rules, governor's appointments, attorney general opinions, and miscellaneous documents such as requests for proposals. After adoption, these rulemaking actions are codified into the Texas Administrative Code.
Date: August 11, 2006
Creator: Texas. Secretary of State.
Object Type: Journal/Magazine/Newsletter
System: The Portal to Texas History
Base Input - Shepard AFB - TX (open access)

Base Input - Shepard AFB - TX

Base Input - Shepard AFB, TX
Date: January 11, 2006
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
General Counsel Notices Part 1 (open access)

General Counsel Notices Part 1

BRAC Commission - General Counsel Federal Register Notices
Date: January 11, 2006
Creator: United States. Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission.
Object Type: Legal Document
System: The UNT Digital Library
Community Input - OK (open access)

Community Input - OK

Genereal Community Input Oklahoma - McAlester Delagation Requests Re: Munitions Plants
Date: January 11, 2006
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
AF47 - Base Input (open access)

AF47 - Base Input

Contains base input from Ellington Air Guard Station, TX
Date: January 11, 2006
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
DA14 - Base Input (open access)

DA14 - Base Input

Contains base input from Rome Laboratory, NY
Date: January 11, 2006
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
AF2 - Base Input (open access)

AF2 - Base Input

Contains base input from Portland International Airport Air Guard Station, OR
Date: January 11, 2006
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
A8 - Base Input (open access)

A8 - Base Input

Contains base input from Fort Monmouth, NJ
Date: January 11, 2006
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
BRAC Commission Executive Correspondence (open access)

BRAC Commission Executive Correspondence

Contains Executive correspondence from Senator Ensign regarding uncertified information from DoD
Date: January 11, 2006
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Letter
System: The UNT Digital Library
BRAC Commission Executive Correspondence (open access)

BRAC Commission Executive Correspondence

Contains executive correspondence regarding Cannon AFB, NM
Date: January 11, 2006
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Letter
System: The UNT Digital Library
BRAC Commission Executive Correspondence (open access)

BRAC Commission Executive Correspondence

Contains Executive Correspondence regarding NAS Oceana, VA
Date: January 11, 2006
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Letter
System: The UNT Digital Library
BRAC Commission Executive Correspondence (open access)

BRAC Commission Executive Correspondence

Contains Executive Correspondence regarding Ellsworth/Dyess AFB
Date: January 11, 2006
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Letter
System: The UNT Digital Library
BRAC Commission Executive Correspondence (open access)

BRAC Commission Executive Correspondence

Contains Executive Correspondence regarding Niagara Falls AGS, NY
Date: January 11, 2006
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Letter
System: The UNT Digital Library
BRAC Commission Executive Correspondence (open access)

BRAC Commission Executive Correspondence

Contains Executive Correspondence regarding Fort Monmouth, NJ
Date: January 11, 2006
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Letter
System: The UNT Digital Library