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Interpreters with Lewis and Clark: the Story of Sacagawea and Toussaint Charbonneau

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When interpreter Toussaint Charbonneau, a French Canadian fur trader living among the Hidatsas, and his Shoshone Indian wife, Sacagawea, joined the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804, they headed into country largely unknown to them, as it was to Thomas Jefferson's hand-picked explorers. There is little doubt as to the importance of Sacagawea's presence on the journey. She has become a near-legendary figure for her role as interpreter, guide, and "token of peace." Toussaint, however, has been maligned in both fiction and nonfiction alike—Lewis himself called him “a man of no peculiar merit.” W. Dale Nelson offers a frank and honest portrayal of Toussaint, suggesting his character has perhaps been judged too harshly. He was indeed valuable as an interpreter and no doubt helpful with his knowledge of the Indian tribes the group encountered. For example, Toussaint proved his worth in negotiations with the Shoshones for much-needed horses, and with his experience as a fur trader, he always seemed to strike a better bargain than his companions. During the expedition Sacagawea gave birth to a son, Jean Baptiste. With her death in 1812, Clark assumed custody of her son and Toussaint returned to his life on the upper Missouri. Surviving …
Date: August 15, 2003
Creator: Nelson, W. Dale
Object Type: Book
System: The UNT Digital Library
Federally Chartered Corporation: Review of the Financial Statement Audit Reports for the General Federation of Women's Clubs for Fiscal Years 2000-2002 (open access)

Federally Chartered Corporation: Review of the Financial Statement Audit Reports for the General Federation of Women's Clubs for Fiscal Years 2000-2002

Correspondence issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "We reviewed the audit reports covering the financial statements of the General Federation of Women's Clubs, for fiscal years 2002, 2001 and 2000. GAO's review disclosed no reportable instances of noncompliance with the financial reporting requirements of the law. The audit reports included the auditors' opinions that the financial statements of the corporation were presented fairly in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles."
Date: August 7, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
Federally Chartered Corporation: Review of the Financial Statement Audit Reports for the Former Member of Congress for 2002 and 2001 (open access)

Federally Chartered Corporation: Review of the Financial Statement Audit Reports for the Former Member of Congress for 2002 and 2001

Correspondence issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "GAO reviews the audit reports covering the financial statements of the Former Member of Congress for fiscal years 2001 and 2002. GAO found no reportable instances of noncompliance. The audit report included auditors' opinions that the financial statements of the corporation were presented fairly in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles."
Date: August 7, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
Federally Chartered Corporation: Review of the Financial Statement Audit Reports for the Congressional Medal of Honor Society of the United States of America of 2000-2002 (open access)

Federally Chartered Corporation: Review of the Financial Statement Audit Reports for the Congressional Medal of Honor Society of the United States of America of 2000-2002

Correspondence issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "GAO reviewed the audit reports covering the financial statements of the Congressional Medal of Honor Society of the United States of America, for fiscal years 2002, 2001, and 2000. GAO found no reportable instances of noncompliance. The audit report included the auditors' opinions that the financial statements of the corportation were presented fairly in accordance with generally accepted principles."
Date: August 7, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
Review of Veterans' Preference and the 'Rule of 3' (open access)

Review of Veterans' Preference and the 'Rule of 3'

Correspondence issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "The General Accounting Office has completed a review of selected agencies' compliance with veterans' preference and the "Rule of 3" in federal hiring. This review was requested by Congressman Lane Evans, Ranking Minority Member of the House Committee on Veterans Affairs, and Senator Tom Daschle. As agreed with the requesters, because of continuing oversight of agencies' delegated examining units (DEU) and ongoing review of veterans' preference, we are providing the results of our review for possible follow-up. The requesters specifically asked us to review the results of job announcements for fiscal year 2001 for five selected agency personnel offices in the Washington Metropolitan Area: the National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) headquarters, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) and the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG). As agreed with the requesters, we reviewed: (1) advertised full-time positions (both permanent and temporary) at the GS-7,9,11,13, and 15 levels as identified by the selected agency, (2) the use of multiple certificates in filling these positions, (3) the resulting certificates of eligibilities, including how often veterans headed these certificates and were …
Date: August 22, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
Federally Chartered Corporation: Review of the Financial Statement Audit Reports for the Jewish War Veterans of the united States of America, Inc., for Fiscal Years 2000-2002 (open access)

Federally Chartered Corporation: Review of the Financial Statement Audit Reports for the Jewish War Veterans of the united States of America, Inc., for Fiscal Years 2000-2002

Correspondence issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "GAO reviewed the audit reports covering the financial statements of the Jewish War Veterans of the United States of America, Inc., for fiscal years 2002, 2001, and 2000. GAO found no reportable instances of noncompliance. The audit reports included the auditors' opinions that the financial statements of the corporation were presented fairly in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles."
Date: August 7, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
Federally Chartered Corporation: Review of the Financial Statement Audit Reports for the Disabled American Veterans for 2002 and 2001 (open access)

Federally Chartered Corporation: Review of the Financial Statement Audit Reports for the Disabled American Veterans for 2002 and 2001

Correspondence issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "We reviewed the audit reports covering the financial statements of the Disabled American Veterans, for fiscal years 2002, and 2001. GAO's review disclosed no reportable instances of noncompliance with the financial reporting requirements of the law. The audit reports included the auditors' opinions that the financial statements of the corporation were presented fairly in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles."
Date: August 7, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
Federally Chartered Corporation: Review of the Financial Statement Report for the Blue Star Mothers of America, Inc., for Fiscal Year 2001 (open access)

Federally Chartered Corporation: Review of the Financial Statement Report for the Blue Star Mothers of America, Inc., for Fiscal Year 2001

Correspondence issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "GAO reviewed the audit reports covering the financial statements of the Blue Star Mothers of America, Inc. for fiscal year 2001. GAO did not review the auditors' working papers, and therefore did not render an opinion."
Date: August 7, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
Land Border Ports of Entry: Vulnerabilities and Inefficiencies in the Inspections Process (open access)

Land Border Ports of Entry: Vulnerabilities and Inefficiencies in the Inspections Process

Correspondence issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 mandates that we track, monitor, and evaluate the Attorney General's strategy to deter illegal entry and report our findings to Congress. In response, we have evaluated immigration-related inspections at land border Ports of Entry (POE) and made recommendations regarding (1) the integrity of the inspections process; (2) the efficiency and effectiveness of inspections-related port operations; and (3) the collection, analysis, and use of intelligence information. Due to concern that the public release of our detailed findings could compromise law enforcement operations, our report is restricted to Limited Official Use. This letter is intended to summarize our overall findings and confirm agreement to take action to address vulnerabilities and inefficiencies in the inspections process. Most of our work was conducted before the Department of Justice's Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) and the Department of the Treasury's Customs Service were merged into the newly created Bureau of Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). However, the issues we address remain relevant as DHS merges the functions previously performed by the two agencies and implements major …
Date: August 18, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
Federally Chartered Corporation: Review of the Financial Statement Audit Reports for The Foundation of the Federal Bar Association for Fiscal Years 2001 and 2000 (open access)

Federally Chartered Corporation: Review of the Financial Statement Audit Reports for The Foundation of the Federal Bar Association for Fiscal Years 2001 and 2000

Correspondence issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "GAO reviewed the audit report covering the financial statements of The Foundation of the Federal Bar Association, for fiscal years 2001 and 2000. GAO found no instances of noncompliance. The audit report included the auditors' opinion that the financial statements of the corporation were presented fairly in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles."
Date: August 7, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
Ocean and Coastal Activities: Information on Federal Funding (open access)

Ocean and Coastal Activities: Information on Federal Funding

Correspondence issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "The Oceans Act of 2000 established the Commission on Ocean Policy (Commission) to make recommendations for a coordinated and comprehensive national ocean policy. The Commission is required to prepare and submit to the Congress and the President a final report of its findings and recommendations, which is scheduled for September 2003. The Oceans Act also requires the President to biennially submit a report to the Congress listing all federal programs related to ocean and coastal activities, including current and future funding levels for each program identified, which the Commission can use in its work."
Date: August 11, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
Federally Chartered Corporation: Review of the Financial Statement Audit Reports for the Jewish War Veterans, U.S.A., National Memorial, Incorporated, for Fiscal Year 2001 (open access)

Federally Chartered Corporation: Review of the Financial Statement Audit Reports for the Jewish War Veterans, U.S.A., National Memorial, Incorporated, for Fiscal Year 2001

Correspondence issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "We reviewed the audit reports covering the financial statements of the Jewish War Veterans of the United States of America, National Memorial Inc., for fiscal year 2001. GAO's review disclosed no reportable instances of noncompliance with the financial reporting requirements of the law. The audit reports included the auditors' opinions that the financial statements of the corporation were presented fairly in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles."
Date: August 7, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
VA Health Care: Framework for Analyzing Capital Asset Realignment for Enhanced Services Decisions (open access)

VA Health Care: Framework for Analyzing Capital Asset Realignment for Enhanced Services Decisions

Correspondence issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "On May 14, 2003, as requested, we briefed Congress on our preliminary views on the Capital Asset Realignment for Enhanced Services (CARES) process initiated by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). On July 29, 2003, we shared our additional perspectives, which Congressional Staff indicated would be helpful to the Commission as it considers the draft National CARES Plan that VA presented on August 4, 2003. For this reason, we are providing an overview of the approach that we plan to use during our continuing review of CARES."
Date: August 18, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
Challenges and Risks Associated with the Joint Tactical Radio System Program (open access)

Challenges and Risks Associated with the Joint Tactical Radio System Program

Correspondence issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "The recent emergence of software-defined radio technology offers the potential to address key communications shortfalls and significantly improve military capabilities. The Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) program was initiated in 1997 to develop and apply this technology and to bring together separate service-led programs into a joint software-defined radio development effort. JTRS radios are intended to interoperate with existing radio systems and provide the war fighter with additional communications capability to access maps and other visual data, communicate via voice and video with other units and levels of command, and obtain information directly from battlefield sensors. As such, the JTRS program is considered a major transformational effort for the military and is expected to enable information superiority, network-centric warfare as well as modernization efforts, such as the Army's Future Combat Systems. Although total program costs have yet to be determined, the Army's effort to acquire and field close to half of the estimated 250,000 JTRS radios that are needed is expected to cost $14.4 billion. Congress asked us to review the JTRS program to determine if there are either management or technical challenges and risks that could jeopardize …
Date: August 11, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
Payment Processing: Statistical Sampling Plan for Voucher Prepayment Examination (open access)

Payment Processing: Statistical Sampling Plan for Voucher Prepayment Examination

Correspondence issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "This report responds to a request made by the Defense Finance and Accounting Service (DFAS) that we approve the use of a statistical sampling plan for voucher prepayment examination of contract payments. While Title VII, "Fiscal Guidance," of the GAO Policy and Procedures Manual for Guidance of Federal Agencies requires prepayment examination of vouchers prior to their certification and payment, it permits the use of statistical sampling for vouchers up to $2,500. DFAS requested a waiver of the $2,500 ceiling for statistical sampling and approval of an alternative voucher prepayment examination plan that would, among other things, use statistical sampling for certain vouchers up to a maximum of $500,000 for contract payments."
Date: August 28, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
Issues Facing the Army's Future Combat Systems Program (open access)

Issues Facing the Army's Future Combat Systems Program

Correspondence issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Under its transformation efforts, the Army plans to change the way it organizes, trains, deploys, and equips its forces. It expects the future force to be organized around brigade-size units that perform virtually all Army combat functions. The Army wants to fully equip these units with the Future Combat Systems (FCS), a family of 18 networked, warfighting systems which are intended to be more lethal, survivable, deployable, and sustainable than existing heavy combat systems. In order to deploy faster, the FCS vehicles are expected to be a fraction of the weight of existing heavy armored fighting vehicles. The Army believes that nontraditional fighting tactics coupled with an extensive information network will compensate for the loss of size and armor mass by utilizing information superiority and synchronized operations to see, engage, and destroy the enemy before the enemy detects the future forces. The Army has allocated about $22 billion for the FCS program during fiscal years 2004 through 2009 and several billions more for non-FCS programs that the FCS will need to become fully capable. In addition, the Army recently implemented FCS schedule changes, which added about 2 years …
Date: August 13, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
Clean Air Act: EPA Should Use Available Data to Monitor the Effects of Its Revisions to the New Source Review Program (open access)

Clean Air Act: EPA Should Use Available Data to Monitor the Effects of Its Revisions to the New Source Review Program

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "A recent Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) final rule changing the Clean Air Act's New Source Review (NSR) program--a key means to protect public health and enhance air quality--has been under scrutiny by the Congress, industry, environmental groups, state and local air quality agencies, and the courts. GAO was asked to determine the basis of EPA's conclusions that (1) the rule's economic impacts would not be significant enough to merit a detailed analysis and (2) the NSR program, prior to the rule, discouraged some energy efficiency projects. GAO, among other things, reviewed EPA's analysis of the rule and its impacts, as well as guidance from EPA and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) on analyzing such impacts. GAO also met with industry and environmental stakeholders."
Date: August 22, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Records Management: National Archives and Records Administration's Acquisition of Major System Faces Risks (open access)

Records Management: National Archives and Records Administration's Acquisition of Major System Faces Risks

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Increasingly, government records involve documents that are electronically created and stored. In support of its mission to manage and archive these records and ensure access to the "essential evidence" that they contain, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is acquiring an advanced Electronic Records Archives (ERA). GAO was asked to determine, among other things, how the ERA program's system acquisition policies, plans, and practices conform to industry standards and how well NARA is meeting the ERA program's cost and schedule."
Date: August 22, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Forest Service Purchase Cards: Internal Control Weaknesses Resulted in Instances of Improper, Wasteful, and Questionable Purchases (open access)

Forest Service Purchase Cards: Internal Control Weaknesses Resulted in Instances of Improper, Wasteful, and Questionable Purchases

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Since 1999, GAO has designated Forest Service's financial management as a high-risk area because of internal control and accounting weaknesses that have been identified by the Inspector General and GAO. Given these known risks and the hundreds of millions of dollars in credit card purchases made by the agency each year, GAO was asked to review the Forest Service's fiscal year 2001 purchase card transactions to determine whether (1) existing internal controls were designed to provide reasonable assurance that improper purchases would be prevented or detected, (2) purchases were made in accordance with established policies and procedures, and (3) purchases were made for a reasonable cost and reflected a legitimate government need."
Date: August 11, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
DOD Personnel: Documentation of the Army's Civilian Workforce-Planning Model Needed to Enhance Credibility (open access)

DOD Personnel: Documentation of the Army's Civilian Workforce-Planning Model Needed to Enhance Credibility

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Between fiscal years 1989 and 2002, the Department of Defense (DOD) reduced its civilian workforce by about 38 percent, with little attention to shaping or specifically sizing this workforce for the future. As a result, the civilian workforce is imbalanced in terms of the shape, skills, and experience needed by the department. DOD is taking steps to transform its civilian workforce. To assist with this transformation, the department is considering adopting an Army workforce-planning model, known as the Civilian Forecasting System (CIVFORS), which the Army uses to forecast its civilian workforce needs. Other federal agencies are also considering adopting this model. GAO was asked to review the adequacy of the steps the Army has taken to ensure the credibility of the model."
Date: August 22, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
DOD Contract Payments: Management Action Needed to Reduce Billions in Adjustments to Contract Payment Records (open access)

DOD Contract Payments: Management Action Needed to Reduce Billions in Adjustments to Contract Payment Records

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "GAO has reported that the Department of Defense's (DOD) inability to accurately account for and report on disbursements is a long-term, major problem. GAO was requested to determine (1) the magnitude of the adjustments and related costs in fiscal year 2002, (2) why contracts, including payment terms, are so complex, (3) the key factors that caused Defense Finance and Accounting Service (DFAS) Columbus to make payment adjustments, and (4) what steps DOD is taking to address the payment allocation problems."
Date: August 8, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Nuclear Security: Federal and State Action Needed to Improve Security of Sealed Radioactive Sources (open access)

Nuclear Security: Federal and State Action Needed to Improve Security of Sealed Radioactive Sources

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Sealed radioactive sources, radioactive material encapsulated in stainless steel or other metal, are used worldwide in medicine, industry, and research. These sealed sources could be a threat to national security because terrorists could use them to make "dirty bombs." GAO was asked to determine (1) the number of sealed sources in the United States, (2) the number of sealed sources lost, stolen, or abandoned, (3) the effectiveness of federal and state controls over sealed sources, and (4) the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and state efforts since September 11, 2001, to strengthen security of sealed sources."
Date: August 6, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Contract Management: Civilian Agency Compliance with Revised Task and Delivery Order Regulations (open access)

Contract Management: Civilian Agency Compliance with Revised Task and Delivery Order Regulations

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Multiple-award task and delivery order contracts were intended to streamline the acquisition of goods and services. Prior GAO reviews cited concerns that some agencies using these contracts were not attaining the level of competition Congress had initially envisioned. In response, Congress required that additional guidance be published in the Federal Acquisition Regulation and asked GAO if the guidance conformed to the law and agencies were complying with it. To evaluate compliance, GAO examined how agencies provided vendors with a fair opportunity to be considered for orders, clearly described the services or supplies needed, and complied with capital planning requirements."
Date: August 29, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Medical Malpractice: Implications of Rising Premiums on Access to Health Care (open access)

Medical Malpractice: Implications of Rising Premiums on Access to Health Care

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "The recent rising cost of medical malpractice insurance premiums in many states has reportedly influenced some physicians to move or close practices, reduce high-risk services, or alter their practices to preclude potential lawsuits (known as defensive medicine practices). States have revised tort laws under which malpractice lawsuits are litigated to help constrain malpractice premium and claims costs. Some of these tort reform laws include caps on monetary penalties for noneconomic harm, such as for plaintiffs' pain and suffering. Congress is considering legislation similar to some states' tort reform laws. GAO examined how health care provider responses to rising malpractice premiums have affected access to health care, whether physicians practice defensive medicine, and how growth in malpractice premiums and claims payments compares across states with varying tort reform laws. Because national data on providers' responses to rising premiums are not reliable, GAO examined the experiences in five states with reported malpractice-related problems (Florida, Nevada, Pennsylvania, Mississippi, and West Virginia) and four states without reported problems (California, Colorado, Minnesota, and Montana) and analyzed growth in malpractice premiums and claims payments across all states and the District of Columbia."
Date: August 8, 2003
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library