Transfer factors are used in radiological risk assessments to estimate the amount of radioactivity that could be present in a food crop or organism based on the calculated concentration in the source medium (i.e., soil or animal feed). By calculating the concentration in the food, the total intake can be estimated and a dose calculated as a result of the annual intake. This report compiles transfer factors for radiological risk assessments, using common food products, including meats, eggs, and plants. Transfer factors used were most often selected from recommended values listed by national or international organizations for use in radiological food chain transport calculations. Several methods of estimation and extrapolation were used for radionuclides not listed in the primary information sources. Tables of transfer factors are listed by element and information source for beef, eggs, fish, fruit, grain, leafy vegetation, milk, poultry, and root vegetables.

RESRAD-BUILD is a computer model for analyzing the radiological doses resulting from the remediation and occupancy of buildings contaminated with radioactive material. It is part of a family of codes that includes RESRAD, RESRAD-CHEM, RESRAD-RECYCLE, RESRAD-BASELINE, and RESRAD-ECORISK. The RESRAD-BUILD models were developed and codified by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL); version 1.5 of the code and the user's manual were publicly released in 1994. The original version of the code was written for the Microsoft DOS operating system. However, subsequent versions of the code were written for the Microsoft Windows operating system. The purpose of the present verification task (which includes validation as defined in the standard) is to provide an independent review of the latest version of RESRAD-BUILD under the guidance provided by ANSI/ANS-10.4 for verification and validation of existing computer programs. This approach consists of a posteriori V&V review which takes advantage of available program development products as well as user experience. The purpose, as specified in ANSI/ANS-10.4, is to determine whether the program produces valid responses when used to analyze problems within a specific domain of applications, and to document the level of verification. The culmination of these efforts is the production of this formal Verification Report. …

We provide a detailed description of a model and its computational algorithm for the secondary electron emission process. The model is based on a broad phenomenological fit to data for the secondary emission yield (SEY) and the emitted-energy spectrum. We provide two sets of values for the parameters by fitting our model to two particular data sets, one for copper and the other one for stainless steel. We also present details of the electron-cloud simulation code POSINST that are relevant to the secondary emission process. This note expands on our previously published article.

The task assigned to PI David London, University of Oklahoma, was to devise hydrothermal methods of synthesis that optimize the size of synthetic monocrystals of alkali feldspars, KAlSi3O8 (orthoclase) and NaAlSi3O8 (albite). The synthesis method agreed upon will utilize convention cold-seal hydrothermal reactors. This equipment and synthesis method were chosen for two reasons: (1) the method best simulates hydrothermal reactions of silicate glass waste material with groundwater, and (2) the method employs small, sealed volumes of reagents, which minimizes potential hazards when and if radionuclides are added to the system. Note that the University of Oklahoma did not approve the award for acceptance until November 20, 2001.

Presently there is significant interest at LBNL in designing and building a facility for ultrafast (i.e. femtosecond time scale) x-ray science based upon a superconducting, recirculating RF linac (see Corlett et al. for more details). In addition to producing synchrotron radiation pulses in the 1-15 keV energy range, we are also considering adding one or more free-electron laser (FEL) beamlines using a harmonic cascade approach to produce coherent XUV soft X-ray emission beginning with a strong input seed at {approx}200 nm wavelength obtained from a ''conventional'' laser. Each cascade is composed of a radiator together with a modulator section, separated by a magnetic chicane. The chicane temporally delays the electron beam pulse in order that a ''virgin'' pulse region (with undegraded energy spread) be brought into synchronism with the radiation pulse, which together then undergo FEL action in the modulator. We present various results obtained with the GINGER simulation code examining final output sensitivity to initial electron beam parameters. We also discuss the effects of spontaneous emission and shot noise upon this particular cascade approach which can limit the final output coherence.

Beam-beam phenomena have until now limited the beam currents and luminosity achievable in the Tevatron. injected proton currents are about ten times larger than the anti-proton currents so beam-beam effects have largely acted on the anti-protons and at all stages of the operational cycle. The effects of the anti-protons on the protons have until now been relatively benign but that may change at higher anti-proton currents. After 36 bunches of protons are injected and placed on the proton helix, anti-protons are injected four bunches at a time. After all bunches are injected, acceleration to top energy takes bout 85 seconds. After reaching flat top, the optics around the interaction regions (IRs) is changed to lower {beta}* from 1.6 m to 0.35 m at B0 and D0. The beams are brought into collision by collapsing the separation bumps around the IPs. During a high energy physics store each bunch experiences two head-on collisions with bunches in the opposing beam and seventy long-range interactions. At all other stages of the operational cycle, each bunch experiences only long-range interactions--seventy two in all. Performance limitations from beam-beam effects until now have been primarily due to these long-range interactions. The anti-proton losses at 150 GeV …

The authors present their observations of the longitudinal bunch dynamics in Tevatron for uncoalesced proton bunches at 150 GeV and coalesced proton bunches at 150 GeV and 980 GeV. They have observed long-term (> 15 minutes) coherent oscillations of uncoalesced protons that preserve already existing oscillations from upstream accelerators. A single-bunch instability in large intensity protons bunches at 980 GeV has also been observed.

In order to achieve an increase in proton intensity, Fermilab Main Injector will use a stacking process called ''slip stacking''. The intensity will be doubled by injecting one train of bunches at a slightly lower energy, another at a slightly higher energy, then bringing them together for the final capture. Beam studies have started for this process and we have already verified that, at least for a low beam intensity, the stacking procedure works as expected. For high intensity operation, development work of the feedback and feedforward systems is under way.

We present measurements of transverse and longitudinal beam phase space evolution during the first two hundred turns of the FNAL Booster cycle. We discuss the experimental technique, which allowed us to obtain turn-by-turn measurements of the beam profile. The experimental results are compared with the prediction of the Synergia 3D space charge simulation code.

Protons and anti-protons circulate on helical orbits in the Tevatron. At injection energy (150 GeV) the lifetimes of both species are significantly lower on the helical orbits compared to lifetimes on the central orbit but for different reasons. There are also significant beam losses in both beams when they are accelerated to top energy (980 GeV) again for different reasons. They report on experimental studies to determine the reasons and on methods of improving the lifetimes and losses for both beams.

Interim results are presented from the project designed to characterize, quantify, and determine the commercial feasibility of Alaska North Slope (ANS) gas-hydrate and associated free-gas resources in the Prudhoe Bay Unit (PBU), Kuparuk River Unit (KRU), and Milne Point Unit (MPU) areas. This collaborative research will provide practical input to reservoir and economic models, determine the technical feasibility of gas hydrate production, and influence future exploration and field extension of this potential ANS resource. The large magnitude of unconventional in-place gas (40-100 TCF) and conventional ANS gas commercialization evaluation creates industry-DOE alignment to assess this potential resource. This region uniquely combines known gas hydrate presence and existing production infrastructure. Many technical, economical, environmental, and safety issues require resolution before enabling gas hydrate commercial production. Gas hydrate energy resource potential has been studied for nearly three decades. However, this knowledge has not been applied to practical ANS gas hydrate resource development. ANS gas hydrate and associated free gas reservoirs are being studied to determine reservoir extent, stratigraphy, structure, continuity, quality, variability, and geophysical and petrophysical property distribution. Phase 1 will characterize reservoirs, lead to recoverable reserve and commercial potential estimates, and define procedures for gas hydrate drilling, data acquisition, completion, and …

The Hanford River Protection Project Waste Treatment Plant (WTP) is required by the current contract to remove radioactive technetium from stored caustic nuclear waste solutions. The Savannah River Technology Center (SRTC) has worked with typical envelopes of these wastes to optimize the removal process. To support the studies, SRTC developed a rapid on-line remote analyzer to monitor technetium and rhenium levels in solutions as well as track other metals in the solutions through the process operations. Rhenium was used as a non-radioactive substitute for technetium in process development studies. The remote monitor was based on inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICPES). Fiber optic cable and extended RF cabling removed the plasma source from the spectrometer and instrument electronics.

This report specifically deals with Savannah River Site augmentation of permanent Criticality Accident Alarm Systems by the use of portable instruments in areas not normally occupied by personnel.

This report focuses on the first surrogate demonstration of a workable flowsheet for SB3 material. Two 15L glass Sludge Receipt and Adjustment Tank/Slurry Mix Evaporator (SRAT/SME) vessels at the Aiken County Technology Laboratory (ACTL) were used for the feed preparation portion of the test while the feed was vitrified in the ACTL Slurry-fed Melt Rate Furnace (SMRF). The flowsheet tested should not be considered final as further optimization is probable.

The Recycler Ring, an 8 GeV antiproton accumulator, is being commissioned at Fermilab. Antiproton transfers in and out of the Recycler Ring take place through two transfer lines connecting the Recycler to the Main Injector. Transfer line layout and operation of beam transfers will be described. Particular attention has been paid to injection mismatch effects, in order to limit emittance growth during transfers. A considerable improvement has been achieved by removing vacuum windows, previously present in both transfer lines.

Phase and amplitude noises in the Tevatron RF system and the intrabeam scattering (IBS) produce longitudinal emittance growth with consecutive particle loss from the RF buckets. That causes a decrease of the luminosity and an increase of the background in particle detectors during the store. The report presents experimental measurements of RF system noise and the effect on the longitudinal emittance growth. There is a satisfactory agreement between measured noise spectral densities and observed emittance growth. For high bunch intensities, IBS plays an important role and has been taken into account. The sources of noises and plans for further system improvements are discussed.

One of the straightforward ways towards the higher luminosity in the LHC is a replacement of the present 70-mm NbTi quadrupoles with Nb{sub 3}Sn quadrupoles which would provide the same field gradient but in a larger aperture. Conceptual designs of such quadrupoles with 90 mm aperture have been developed and studied. This paper discusses the possibilities and limitations of increasing the aperture of Nb{sub 3}Sn low-beta quadrupoles for a LHC luminosity upgrade up to 110 mm.

Measurements of the transverse and longitudinal beam losses during a Tevatron store will be presented. The measurements utilize scintillation counters to monitor the nuclear interactions of the 1 TeV halo particles with a scraper that is located near the beam. If the particles are in time with the primary bunches, they are assumed to come from transverse perturbations inducing large betatron oscillations. Particles lost longitudinally drift around the ring due to synchrotron radiation and become asynchronous with respect to the bunches. A pulsed electron lens is then used to induce large betatron oscillations that extract these particles onto the scraper. The resulting nuclear interactions in the scraper are recorded by a gated scintillating counter system. The counting rates from the two channels provide an online measurement of the two types of beam loss. Known beam loss due to interactions at the IP and to nuclear collisions in the residual gas can be subtracted which then exposes the underlying losses from longitudinal and transverse instabilities.

The 100-BC-5 and 100-FR-3 Operable Units are defined for groundwater beneath the 100-B/C and 100-F Areas, respectively. Each operable unit has undergone a limited field investigation and qualitative risk assessment as part of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) remedial investigation process. Although decisions have been made to perform active remediation of contaminant sources, no decision has yet been made concerning remedial actions for groundwater at either operable unit. During this interim period, groundwater monitoring has been conducted in accordance with groundwater sampling and analysis plan for the 100-BC-5 Operable Unit (Sweeney 2002a) and 100-FR-3 Operable Unit (Sweeney 2002b) under Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order (TPA) change control agreements between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This report is the culmination of the decision process that will guide future data acquisition at these two operable units. The data gathered will be used to develop future closure decisions, leading ultimately toward a record of decision for the 100-BC-5 and 100-FR-3 Operable Units. Detailed background information that includes facility description, groundwater flow directions, monitoring network and monitoring constituents, constituents of potential concern, summary of groundwater contamination levels, sources of groundwater …

This paper is the final report for LL998 In Situ Sensing Subtask 7 (Geo-location) undertaken for NNSA NA-22 enabling technologies R&D for Counterproliferation Detection. A few state-of-the-art resolution parameters are presented for accelerometers, indoor and outdoor GPS (Global Positioning Satellite) systems, and INSs (Inertial Navigation Systems). New technologies are described, including one which has demonstrated the ability to track within a building to a resolution of under a foot.

Partial dynamical symmetry (PDS) extends and complements the concepts of exact and dynamical symmetry. It allows one to remove undesired constraints from an algebraic theory, while preserving some of the useful aspects of a dynamical symmetry, and to study the effects of symmetry breaking in a controlled manner. An example of a PDS in an interacting fermion system is presented. The associated PDS Hamiltonians are closely related with a realistic quadrupole-quadrupole interaction and provide new insights into this important interaction.

The Recycler Ring (RR) is an 8 GeV pbar storage ring for future ppbar collider operations at Fermilab. By design, the beam in the Recycler is stored in three segments (hot, cold and newly transferred beam) azimuthally, using barrier buckets. Properties of the beam in the Recycler are found to be affected by stray magnetic field caused by the Main Injector acceleration ramping process. Here we present results of our measurements of the longitudinal emittance growth of the beam in the Recycler Ring due to the Main Injector ramp and the results of model simulation of this effect using a multi-particle beam dynamics simulation program (ESME).

Fermilab, as part of the US-LHC Accelerator Project, has designed and is producing superconducting low-beta quadrupole magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These 70 mm bore, 5.5 m long magnets operate in superfluid helium at 1.9 K with a maximum operating gradient of 214 T/m. Two quadrupoles, combined with a dipole orbit corrector, form a single LQXB cryogenic assembly, the Q2 optical element of the final focus triplets in the LHC interaction regions. Field quality was measured at room temperature during fabrication of the cold masses as well as at superfluid helium temperature in two thermal cycles for the first LQXB cryogenic assembly. Integral cold measurements were made with a 7.1 m long rotating coil and with a 0.8 m long rotating coil at 8 axial positions and in a range of currents. In addition to the magnetic measurements, this paper reports on the quench performance of the cold masses and on the measurements of their internal alignment.

This research project focuses on pollutants from the combustion of mixtures of dried municipal sewage sludge (MSS) and coal. The objective is to determine the relationship between (1) fraction sludge in the sludge/coal mixture, and (2) combustion conditions on (a) NOx concentrations in the exhaust, (b) the size segregated fine and ultra-fine particle composition in the exhaust, and (c) the partitioning of toxic metals between vapor and condenses phases, within the process.