The contribution of lubrication oil to particulate matter (PM) emissions from a Cummins B5.9 Diesel engine was measured using accelerator mass spectrometry to trace carbon isotope concentrations. The engine operated at fixed medium load (285 N-m (210 ft.lbs.) 1600 m) used 100% biodiesel fuel (B100) with a contemporary carbon-14 ({sup 14}C) concentration of 103 amol {sup 14}C/ mg C. The C concentration of the exhaust C02 and PM were 102 and 99 amol {sup 14}C/mg C, respectively. The decrease in I4C content in the PM is due to the consumption of lubrication oil which is {sup 14}C-free. Approximately 4% of the carbon in PM came from lubrication oil under these operating conditions. The slight depression in CO{sub 2} isotope content could be attributed to ambient CO{sub 2} levels and measurement uncertainty.

An 11.4% partial Siberian snake was used to successfully accelerate polarized proton through a strong intrinsic depolarizing spin resonance in the AGS. No noticeable depolarization was observed. This opens up the possibility of using a 20% to 30% partial Siberian snake in the AGS to overcome all weak and strong depolarizing spin resonances. Some design and operation issues of the new partial Siberian snake are discussed.

The polarization dilution by molecular ions which are produced in the ECR primary proton source is discussed. The molecular component can be reduced to about 5% by ECR source-operation optimization. It is further suppressed by optimization of the extraction electrode optics and by the decelerating einzel lens in the 35 keV LEBT line. As a result, the proton polarization of the accelerated beam was increased to over 80%. as measured in the 200 MeV proton-deuterium polarimeter. The OPPIS upgrade for 6 2/3 Hz repetition rate operation is also discussed.

The fundamentals of welding-induced phase transformations in metals and alloys are being investigated using a combination of advanced synchrotron based experimental methods and modem computational science tools. In-situ experimental methods have been developed using a spatially resolved x-ray probe to enable direct observations of phase transformations under the real non- isothermal conditions experienced during welding. These experimental techniques represent a major step forward in the understanding of phase transformations that occur during welding, and are now being used to aid in the development of models to predict microstructural evolution under the severe temperature gradients, high peak temperatures and rapid thermal fluctuations characteristic of welds. Titanium alloys, stainless steels and plain carbon steels are currently under investigation, and the phase transformation data being obtained here cannot be predicted or measured using conventional metallurgical approaches. Two principal synchrotron-based techniques have been developed and refined for in-situ investigations of phase transformation dynamics in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and fusion zone (FZ) of welds: Spatially Resolved X-Ray Diffraction (SRXRD) and Time Resolved X-Ray Diffraction (TRXRD). Both techniques provide real-time observations of phases that exist during welding, and both have been developed at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) using a high flux wiggler beam …

Two approaches for driving an induction acceleration using a number of stacked Blumlein lines are evaluated and compared. The matched or balanced Blumlein utilizes a single switch and two transmission line sections incorporating identical dielectric materials to drive a beam load. The matched Blumlein line system further requires ferro-magnetic isolation to prevent the accelerating electric field from appearing on the external structure of the system. The Slow-Fast Blumlein line power system utilizes two transmission line sections, with different dielectric materials and two switches, one on each line. The two dielectric materials result in different wave velocities in the respective transmission line sections, thus the slow and fast lines. The Slow-Fast Blumlein system does not require ferro-magnetic isolation since the closure of both switches trap the accelerating electric field within the accelerating structure. This paper discusses two arrangements of dielectrics and conductors to form the Blumlein transmission lines and evaluates and compares the energy density and accelerating performance of these two systems.

We present equation of state results from impulsively stimulated light scattering (ISLS) experiments conducted in diamond anvil cells on pure supercritical fluids, and supercritical fluid mixtures. We have made measurements on fluid H2O (water), CH2O (formaldehyde), and CH3OH (methanol). Sound speeds measured through ISLS have allowed us to refine existing potential models used in the Em6 detonation product library [Fried, L. E., and Howard, W. M., J. Chem. Phys. 109 (17): 7338-7348 (1998).]. The refined models allow us to more accurately assess the chemical composition at the Chapman-Jouget (C-J) state of common explosives. We predict that water and formaldehyde are present in appreciable quantities at the C-J state of HMX, RDX, and NM. Methanol is predicted to be present only in trace quantities at the C-J state. In the case of methanol, chemical decomposition and phase separation was observed at high temperatures. We are developing micro-FTIR and Raman techniques to determine the chemical composition of the phase separated detonation products.

This paper represents a summary of our methodology for Verification and Validation and Uncertainty Quantification. A graded scale methodology is presented and related to other concepts in the literature. We describe the critical nature of quantified Verification and Validation with Uncertainty Quantification at specified Confidence levels in evaluating system certification status. Only after Verification and Validation has contributed to Uncertainty Quantification at specified confidence can rational tradeoffs of various scenarios be made. Verification and Validation methods for various scenarios and issues are applied in assessments of Quantified Reliability at Confidence and we summarize briefly how this can lead to a Value Engineering methodology for investment strategy.

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This document will serve as a summary of my work activities as a summer employee for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The intent of this document is to provide an overview of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) project, to explain the role of the department that I am working for, and to discuss my specific assigned tasks and their impact on the NIF project as a whole.

We present preliminary results of the analysis of 5 years of MACHO data on the Galactic bulge microlensing events with clump giants as sources. This class of events allows one to obtain robust conclusions because relatively bright clump stars are not strongly affected by blending. We discuss: (1) the selection of ''giant'' events, (2) the distribution of event durations, (3) the anomalous character of event durations and optical depth in the MACHO field 104 centered on (l,b) = (3{sup o}.1,-3{sup o}.0). We report the preliminary average optical depth of {tau} = (2.0 {+-} 0.4) x10{sup -6} (internal) at (l,b) = (3{sup o}.9, -3{sup o}.8), and present a map of the spatial distribution of the optical depth. When field 104 is removed from the sample, the optical depth drops to {tau} = (1.4 {+-} 0.3) x 10{sup -6}, which is in excellent agreement with infrared-based models of the central Galactic region.

Based on this workshop, a plan for upgrading polarized proton acceleration in the AGS was developed. The construction of a strong partial Siberian snake was initiated. Although in principle this single device would avoid all sources of depolarization in the AGS its construction, installation and commissioning will take several years. Also mismatch of the polarization direction at injection into the AGS will cause some depolarization. Plan 1 outlined above will be pursued in the meantime. A warm helical partial Siberian snake will replace the present solenoid snake. It will avoid the coupling resonances and can also be used in the future to avoid injection mismatch with the strong partial snake. Existing quadrupoles will be moved to locations where they can be used to suppress the weak intrinsic resonances as discussed at this workshop by Andreas Lehrach. This approach should give maximum polarization from the AGS as soon as possible and also provide a long term solution that is operationally simple and offers additional polarization improvements if the rf dipole method shows residual depolarization.

In the Brookhaven AGS, polarized protons are accelerated from G{sub {gamma}} = 4.5 to G{sub {gamma}} = 46.5. During the acceleration, a total of 42 imperfection spin depolarization resonances and 7 intrinsic spin resonances are crossed. Currently, the depolarization at each imperfection spin resonance is overcome by a solenoid 5% snake and full spin flips are induced at 4 out of the 7 intrinsic resonances by the AGS rf dipole to avoid the polarization loss. No correction schemes are applied at the remaining 3 weak spin resonances. In addition, coupling spin resonances are also observed due to the solenoidal field of the snake and no correction is applied for these spin resonances other than keeping the horizontal and vertical betatron tunes separated. In order to achieve {ge} 50% beam polarization out of AGS, all of those spin resonances need to be corrected. This paper proposes three correction methods to overcome the. strong intrinsic spin resonances as well as the weak intrinsic spin resonances and the coupling spin resonances.

A variational analysis is used to derive a mixed P{sub 1}DP{sub 0} (spherical harmonics-double spherical harmonics) angular approximation to the time-independent monoenergetic neutron transport equation with linearly anisotropic scattering in one-dimensional planar geometry. This mixed approximation contains a space-dependent weight factor {alpha}(x) that controls the local angular approximation used: {alpha}(x) = 1 yields the standard P{sub 1} (diffusion) approximation, {alpha}(x) = 0 gives the standard DP{sub 0} approximation, and 0 < {alpha}(x) < 1 produces a mixed approximation. The diffusion equation obtained differs from the standard P{sub 1} diffusion equation only in the definition of the diffusion coefficient. The variational analysis shows that both the scalar flux and the current are continuous at material interfaces regardless of the value of {alpha}(x). Standard Marshak boundary conditions are also obtained via the variational analysis. In this paper, they examine the use of this mixed angular approximation to more accurately treat material interfaces and vacuum boundaries. Numerical results from a mixed-oxide fuel test problem are presented to demonstrate that significant improvements in accuracy can be obtained using this method. For this test problem, the mixed P{sub 1}-DP{sub 0} angular approximation with {alpha} = 0.25 is found to be more robust than the standard …

In the past three years, we have carried out a number of studies on the deformation and superplasticity of fine-structured materials. The goal was to develop an understanding on the deformation microstructure relationship in these advanced materials and to improve further their properties through microstructural control. In this report, we describe only some of the key results and observations from these studies.

Accidents in complex systems send us signals. They may be harbingers of a catastrophe. Some even argue that a ''normal'' consequence of operations in a complex organization may not only be the goods it produces, but also accidents and--inevitably--catastrophes. We would like to tell you the story of a large, complex organization, whose history questions the argument ''that accidents just happen.'' Starting from a less than enviable safety record, the National Ignition Facility (NIF) has accumulated over 2.5 million safe hours. The story of NIF is still unfolding. The facility is still being constructed and commissioned. But the steps NIF has taken in achieving its safety record provide a principled blueprint that may be of value to others. Describing that principled blueprint is the purpose of this paper. The first part of this paper is a case study of NIF and its effort to achieve a world-class safety record. This case study will include a description of (1) NIF's complex systems, (2) NIF's early safety history, (3) factors that may have initiated its safety culture change, and (4) the evolution of its safety blueprint. In the last part of the paper, we will compare NIF's safety culture to what safety …

We are in the process of testing a new technique for measuring the magnetic field-line topology in magnetically confined plasmas. The basic idea behind the FLIRT (Field LIne TRacing) diagnostic is to use a high powerful short pulse laser to launch a burst of energetic ({approx}100keV) electrons from a target passing through the plasma of interest; these electrons then generally follow field lines until they strike a solid surface, where a burst of x-rays is produced and then detected. The field line connection length can be determined from the time delay between the laser pulse and the burst of x-rays. The topology of the field lines can be inferred by measuring the connection length as a function of initial target location inside the plasma. Measuring the spatial distribution of the x-ray production will provide further information on the field topology, including the effects of magnetic field fluctuations and stochasticity. The work will eventually include testing the appropriate x-ray detectors, measuring the background x-ray emission in a spheromak plasma, measuring the energetic electron production by a short-pulse high power laser, and making preliminary measurements of the edge field line topology in the Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment (SSPX) using a newly-designed pulsed …

We have measured prompt {gamma} rays after thermal and resonant neutron capture in {sup 171}Yb. The {gamma} rays were measured with three high resolution ({approx}3 keV) and high efficiency (two {approx}80% Ge(HP) and one {approx}200% segmented Clover) detectors. We have obtained singles and two-fold coincidence spectra as function of neutron energy using the time-of-flight technique. Two-fold coincidences where the summed energy adds up to the neutron binding energy B{sub n} or to B{sub n} minus the energy of the first excited stated ({approx}79 keV) will be used to determine the multipolarity of the pygmy resonance in {sup 172}Yb. This pygmy resonance is a resonant structure in the radiative strength function around {approx}3 MeV in deformed rare earth nuclei [1]. The following goals were met: (1) We have shown the feasibility of prompt, high-resolution {gamma} spectroscopy at FP14 after thermal as well as resonant neutron capture. (2) Online analysis shows that sufficient statistics ({approx}7000 counts) are expected in each of the two relevant peaks in the summed-energy spectrum. Analysis of the experiment is in progress. It still remains to show that the multipolarity of the pygmy resonance can be determined experimentally from two-step cascade intensities.

This is the final report on LDRD SI-funded research to determine the Effect of Magnetic Field Configurations on Spheromak Performance for the years FY2000-FY2001, during which a new set of bias magnetic field coils was used to change the vacuum magnetic field configuration of the SSPX spheromak at LLNL. The USDOE Office of Fusion Energy Science funded the routine operation of the SSPX facility during FY00 and FY01. A photo of the SSPX facility as it appeared in mid-FY01, appears in this report. The main distinctive feature of the spheromak is that currents in the plasma itself produce the confining toroidal magnetic field, rather than a complex set of external coils. The Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment (SSPX) device was designed and built study how well the spheromak can contain plasma energy while dynamo processes in the plasma maintain the confining magnetic fields. The spheromak potentially offers advantages over other fusion reactor concepts because it is compact, has no field coils linking the vacuum vessel, and can be operated in a steady state with voltage applied to external electrodes. It is predicted that the ability of the SSPX to contain the plasma thermal energy will increase with increasing plasma electron temperature; …

We introduce a wave-optics based simulation code written for air-optic laser communications links, that includes a detailed model of an adaptive optics compensation system. We present the results obtained by this model, where the phase of a communications laser beam is corrected, after it propagates through a turbulent atmosphere. The phase of the received laser beam is measured using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, and the correction method utilizes a MEMS mirror. Strehl improvement and amount of power coupled to the receiving fiber for both 1 km horizontal and 28 km slant paths are presented.

Diffusive x-ray-driven heat waves are found in a variety of astrophysical and laboratory settings, e.g. in the heating of a hohlraum used for ICF, and hence are of intrinsic interest. However, accurate analytic diffusion wave (also called Marshak wave) solutions are difficult to obtain due to the strong non-linearity of the radiation diffusion equation. The typical approach is to solve near the heat front, and by ansatz apply the solution globally. This works fairly well due to ''steepness'' of the heat front, but energy is not conserved and it does not lead to a consistent way of correcting the solution or estimating accuracy. We employ the steepness of the front through a perturbation expansion in {var_epsilon} = {beta}/(4+{alpha}), where the internal energy varies as T{sup {beta}} and the opacity varies as T{sup -{alpha}}. We solve using an iterative approach, equivalent to asymptotic methods that match outer (away from the front) and inner (near the front) solutions. Typically {var_epsilon} < 0.3. Calculations are through first order in {var_epsilon} and are accurate to {approx} 10%, which is comparable to the inaccuracy from assuming power laws for material properties. We solve for supersonic waves with arbitrary drive time history, including the case of …

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The mammary gland develops its adult form by a process referred to as branching morphogenesis. Many factors have been reported to affect this process. We have used cultured primary mammary epithelial organoids and mammary epithelial cell lines in three-dimensional collagen gels to elucidate which growth factors, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and mammary morphogens interact in branching morphogenesis. Branching stimulated by stromal fibroblasts, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 7, fibroblast growth factor 2 and hepatocyte growth factor was strongly reduced by inhibitors of MMPs, indicating the requirement of MMPs for three-dimensional growth involved in morphogenesis. Recombinant stromelysin 1/MMP-3 alone was sufficient to drive branching in the absence of growth factors in the organoids. Plasmin also stimulated branching; however, plasmin-dependent branching was abolished by both inhibitors of plasmin and MMPs, suggesting that plasmin activates MMPs. To differentiate between signals for proliferation and morphogenesis, we used a cloned mammary epithelial cell line that lacks epimorphin, an essential mammary morphogen. Both epimorphin and MMPs were required for morphogenesis, but neither was required for epithelial cell proliferation. These results provide direct evidence for a critical role of MMPs in branching in mammary epithelium and suggest that, in addition to epimorphin, MMP activity is a minimum …

The development of hydropower systems within the Columbia and Snake River basins has affected a tremendous amount of fish and wildlife species. The dams have played a major role in the rapid extinction of anadromous runs of salmon and steelhead as well as other native salmonids. Inundation of these dams and the construction of reservoirs for irrigation have also severely impacted wildlife species. In some cases, fluctuating water levels caused by dam and reservoir operations have created barren vegetation zones that expose wildlife to predation and a reduction in recruitment. In association with hydropower activities, secondary impacts have also challenged and highly impacted a majority of wildlife species. The construction of roads, facilities, urban development, channelization, and diversions of streams and rivers often have negative long-term effects on fish, wildlife, and vegetation. In response to these concerns, the United States Congress passed the Pacific Electric Power Planning Conservation Act (Act) in 1980. The Act authorized four states (Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington) and 13 Indian Tribes (including the Burns Paiute Tribe) to create the Northwest Power Planning Council (Council). The role of the Council is to prepare a program in conjunction with several participants that protects, mitigates and enhances affected …

This report describes a cold mass support system based on the use of oriented fiberglassepoxy rods in bending.