Correspondence issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "The Army uses battle effects simulators on training ranges to help prepare its soldiers for realistic combat conditions. The simulators fire pyrotechnic cartridges that simulate the sound, smoke, and flash of shells being fired from or striking targets, such as armored vehicles. Concerns have been raised about the safety of the simulators now being used by the Army and the possibility that U.S. companies may be excluded from full and open competition for new simulators. The Army's existing battle effects simulators have experienced more than 120 documented malfunctions, many of which caused serious injuries, such as third-degree burns, loss of appendages, and lacerations. The Army has tried to make the devices safer and has suspended their use many times. It is also assessing the safety and the effectiveness of a new system from a foreign source. However, it does not plan to assess a U.S. system due to funding limitations. The Army could rely on the Marine Corps' planned type classification of a U.S. produced device to certify another qualified source for future competition."

Testimony issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Organizations and individuals have recently had to contend with particularly vexing computer attacks. The most notable is Code Red, but potentially more damaging are Code Red II and SirCam. Together, these attacks have infected millions of computer users, shut down websites, slowed Internet service, and disrupted businesses and government operations. They have already caused billions of dollars of damage, and their full effects have yet to be completely assessed. Code Red and Code Red II are both "worms," which are attacks that propagate themselves through networks without any user intervention or interaction. Both take advantage of a flaw in a component of versions 4.0 and 5.0 of Microsoft's Internet Information Services Web server software. SirCam is a malicious computer virus that spreads primarily through E-mail. Once activated on an infected computer, the virus searches through a select folder and mails user files acting as a "Trojan horse" to E-mail addresses in the user's address book. In addition to spreading, the virus can delete a victim's hard drive or fill the remaining free space on the hard drive, making it impossible to save files or print. On July 19, …

Single-Shell Tank Waste Management Area U (WMA U) is in the 200 West Area on the Hanford Site. The area includes the U Tank Farm that contains 16 underground, single-shell tanks and their ancillary equipment and waste systems. WMA U is regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) as codified in 40 CFR Part 265, Subpart F and Washington's Hazardous Waste Management Act (HWMA, RCW 70.105) and its implementing requirements in the Washington State dangerous waste regulations (WAC 173-303-400). Releases of hazardous wastes from WMA U have contaminated groundwater beneath the area. Therefore, the WMA U is being assessed to determine the rate of movement and extent of the contamination released and to determine the concentrations in groundwater. The original finding of groundwater impact was determined from elevated specific conductance in downgradient well 299-W19-41. The elevated specific conductance was attributed to the nonhazardous constituents calcium, magnesium, sulfate, and chloride. Tank waste constituents nitrate and technetium-99 are also present as co-contaminants and have increased over the past several years; however, at concentrations well below the respective drinking water standards. Chromium concentrations in downgradient wells have generally exceeded background levels, but similar levels were also observed in upgradient …

The baseline three-dimensional transient inverse model for the estimation of site-wide scale flow parameters, including their uncertainties, using data on the transient behavior of the unconfined aquifer system over the entire historical period of Hanford operations, has been modified to account for the effects of basalt intercommunication between the Hanford unconfined aquifer and the underlying upper basalt confined aquifer. Both the baseline and alternative conceptual models (ACM-1) considered only the groundwater flow component and corresponding observational data in the 3-Dl transient inverse calibration efforts. Subsequent efforts will examine both groundwater flow and transport. Comparisons of goodness of fit measures and parameter estimation results for the ACM-1 transient inverse calibrated model with those from previous site-wide groundwater modeling efforts illustrate that the new 3-D transient inverse model approach will strengthen the technical defensibility of the final model(s) and provide the ability to incorporate uncertainty in predictions related to both conceptual model and parameter uncertainty. These results, however, indicate that additional improvements are required to the conceptual model framework. An investigation was initiated at the end of this basalt inverse modeling effort to determine whether facies-based zonation would improve specific yield parameter estimation results (ACM-2). A description of the justification and methodology …

This analyses and models report (AMR) was conducted in response to written work direction (CRWMS M and O 1999a). ICN 01 of this AMR was developed following guidelines provided in TWP-MGR-MD-000004 REV 01, ''Technical Work Plan for: Integrated Management of Technical Product Input Department'' (BSC 2001, Addendum B). The purpose and scope of this AMR is to review and analyze upstream process-level models (CRWMS M and O 2000a and CRWMS M and O 2000b) and information relevant to pitting and crevice corrosion degradation of waste package outer barrier (Alloy 22) and drip shield (Titanium Grade 7) materials, and to develop abstractions of the important processes in a form that is suitable for input to the WAPDEG analysis for long-term degradation of waste package outer barrier and drip shield in the repository. The abstraction is developed in a manner that ensures consistency with the process-level models and information and captures the essential behavior of the processes represented. Also considered in the model abstraction are the probably range of exposure conditions in emplacement drifts and local exposure conditions on drip shield and waste package surfaces. The approach, method, and assumptions that are employed in the model abstraction are documented and justified.

This report discusses the effects of age and sex on the retention and excretion of {sup 137}Cs in the body in a cross section of the general population over a four-year period.

Direct detection of photons emitted or reflected by an extrasolar planet is an extremely difficult but extremely exciting application of adaptive optics. Typical contrast levels for an extrasolar planet would be 10{sup 9}-Jupiter is a billion times fainter than the sun. Current adaptive optics systems can only achieve contrast levels of 10{sup 6}, but so-called ''extreme'' adaptive optics systems with 10{sup 4}-10{sup 5} degrees of freedom could potentially detect extrasolar planets. We explore the scaling laws defining the performance of these systems, first set out by Angel (1994), and derive a different definition of an optimal system. Our sensitivity predictions are somewhat more pessimistic than the original paper, due largely to slow decorrelation timescales for some noise sources, though choosing to site an ExAO system at a location with exceptional r{sub 0} (e.g. Mauna Kea) can offset this. We also explore the effects of segment aberrations in a Keck-like telescope on ExAO; although the effects are significant, they can be mitigated through Lyot coronagraphy.

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This report gives the background on the DTSI and discusses associated congressional actions that are reflected in the Security Assistance Act of 2000.

Surface depletion was investigated in laboratory- and plant-scale distillation units with mixing by natural convection or by mechanical surface agitation. A model was developed for predicting the degree of surface depletion during the distillation of metals from bismuth as a function of temperature, still pot dimensions, and degree of agitation. This paper discusses those findings.

This paper discusses study findings on the amount of Pu236 contaminant in Pu238 being produced in power reactors. The utility of Pu238 produced from 237Np irradiation is dependent on the amount of Pu236 present.

This report discusses the impact that hazardous organic chemical constituents could have on the mobilization, transport, and fate of radionuclides in disposal units regulated by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). The effect on a radionuclide's distribution coefficient (K{sub d}) is used as an indicator. Many factors can affect K{sub d}, including the chemical form of the radionuclide, pH of the leachate, nature of the organic constituents, porosity of the soil, amount of water in the landfill, infiltration rate of the water, presence of a chelating agent or other chemical species, and age of the landfill. A total of 19 radionuclides were studied. Of these, nine (H-3, C-14, Se-79, Sr-90, Tc-99, I-129, U-238, Np-237, and Am-241) were found to have the potential to reach groundwater and cause contamination; the remaining 10 (Co-60, Ni-63, Sb-125,Cs-137, Sm-151, Eu-152, Eu-154, Th-230, Th-232, and Pu-239) were considered less likely to cause groundwater contamination. It was also found that when organic material is in solution, it tends to lower a radionuclide's K{sub d} (and enhance transport), whereas when it is in a solid phase, it tends to increase the K{sub d}. The study introduces a simple model to estimate effective K{sub d} values on …

Coulograms of Am(III) in carbonate electrolyte exhibit a well-defined wave for the Am(III)-Am(V) oxidation step at the conduction glass electrode. This wave provides the basis of a method for the quantitative titration of this element at the 30-microgram level with a precision of 1.5 percent. The method is restricted to pure solutions; corrections are required for the partial oxidation of Am(V) to Am(VI) and the reduction of Am(VI) by water.

Tri-2-propyl phosphase (T2PP) reacts with lanthanide nitrates to form two series of solid complexes. These complexes were characterized by elemental analyses. X-ray diffraction patterns showed a single structure for each series, and infrared spectra showed that both nitrate and T2PP ligand were coordinated with lanthanide ions. The relative stabilities of the different species are discussed.

Californium-252 neutron sources are being prepared to investigate the value of this radionuclide in diagnosing and treating diseases. A source resembling a cell-loaded radium needle was developed for neutron therapy. Since therapy needles are normally implanted in the body, very conservative design criteria were established to prevent leakage of radioactive. Methods are being developed to prepare very intense californium sources that could be used eventually for neutron radiography and for diagnosis by neutron activation analysis. This paper discusses these methods.

Heavy ion fusion (HIF) drivers require large currents and bright beams. In this paper we review the two different approaches for building HIF injectors and the corresponding ion source requirements. The traditional approach uses large aperture, low current density ion sources, resulting in a very large injector system. A more recent conceptual approach merges high current density mini-beamlets into a large current beam in order to significantly reduce the size of the injector. Experiments are being prepared to demonstrate the feasibility of this new approach.

This report describes several aspects of in-situ sensors for CIGs module deposition that were explored. First, a composition sensor based on X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was developed that serves as a useful indicator of composition and thickness of CIGS; contains only low-cost, commercially available components; has been verified for accuracy of both in-situ and ex-situ results; has been exposed to over 600 hours of heated Se ambient without detriment; was improved for a 20% increase in signal-to-noise on the second design iteration; and has been used in closed-loop control of CIGS deposition. The XRF sensor is clearly applicable to in-situ CIGS deposition, but is less appropriate for other layers in the module. Second, non-contract infrared thermometry was designed for substrate temperature and emissivity measurement during CIGS deposition. Preliminary measurements have confirmed the validity of the design. However, a number of items remain for future work, including full in-situ testing. Finally, optical emission spectroscopy was considered for control of Se, Cu, In, and Ga rates, but was not pursued due to limited applicability.

This report discusses a new isotopic source for neutron radiography, Californium-252. Nuclear reactors are the usual source of neutrons for radiography, primarily because of their intense neutron beams. If neutron radiography is to have widespread use, intense transportable neutron sources are required that can be used in plants, in laboratories and in the field.

The gamma-photoneutron method is unique among nuclear methods used to study water movement in soil because the heavy water content of laboratory soil columns can be measured independently of bulk density of soil, soil texture, light water content, and type of clay mineral. The method requires a radioactive source that emits gamma photons in excess of 2.23 Mev and a neutron detector. The neutron detector measures photoneutrons produced when the deuterium nuclei in the gamma radiation field split into a photoneutron and a proton. The number of photoneutrons detected is linearly related to the heavy water content of the soil column. This paper discusses this method.

Ion exchange and membrane studies of Ru(IV) in perchloric acid indicate that the charge per atom is +1, the charge per species is +4, and that Ru(IV) is tetrameric. Coulometric, cyclic voltametric and spectrophotometric studies indicate that tetrameric Ru(IV) can be reduced reversibly by two, one-electron processes to species with formal oxidation states of 3.75 and 3.5. Ru(3.5) is reduced reversibly to a transient species of Ru(III) which rapidly converts to a stable polymeric species of Ru(III) that can be reoxidized to Ru(IV) only irreversibly. Stable Ru(III) can be electrochemically reduced to Ru(II).

Complexes between thiourea and lanthanide acetates were prepared of the general composition. Dihydrated thiourea complexes are isomorphous; monohydrates are also isomorphous, but with a different structure from the dihydrates. No definite evidence for metal-sulfur bonding was found. This article discusses results of the study.

Californium-252 may be used extensively as a new source of neutrons in the next few years. Because of the high emission rate from spontaneous fission, californium can be fabricated into useful sources that are physically small - one of its major attractions. The first sources were fabricated in the configuration of radium therapy needles. Because the users of these sources may be radiologists and medical personnel unfamiliar with neutron hazards, some of the characteristics of Californium 252 sources are reviewed from a health physics viewpoint in this paper.

The objective of the ''Summary Report of Commercial Reactor Criticality Data for Three Mile Island Unit I'' is to present the CRC data for the TMI-1 reactor. Results from the CRC evaluations will support the development and validation of the neutronics models used for criticality analyses involving commercial spent nuclear fuel. These models and their validation are discussed in the ''Disposal Criticality Analysis Methodology Topical Report'' (YMP 2000).

A study of the structures of hydrated and anhydrous lanthanide acetates by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectra, and absorption spectra demonstrates that there are three separate structures for hydrated lanthanide acetates and four structures for anhydrous acetates. This paper discusses the results of that study.